FAQ's about Recreation

For additional information on the subject, look at Fact Sheet 2007-3043, "From the River to You: USGS Real-Time Streamflow Information."

We generally emphasize the following four points:

a) Select a coordinate system. We usually suggest using either the Universal Transverse Mercator System (UTM) or latitude/longitude. Using UTM results in easier plotting on the USGS 7.5' quadrangle maps. The coordinate system displayed by your GPS is usually just a position format selection on your unit's navigation set up page.

b) Select the correct horizontal datum. Most GPS units default to a datum called the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84). However, most USGS maps are referenced to a different datum, the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). A few USGS maps are set to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which is virtually identical to WGS84. Check the map information at the lower left corner of the USGS 7.5' quadrangle to determine the correct datum used in the making of the map. Correct datum is especially important of you are using the UTM coordinate system. Your GPS setup menu may present several variations of NAD27 to select from; most users will select NAD27 CONUS, which is appropriate for the continental US.

c) Be aware that the vertical heights displayed by your recreational GPS receiver will not agree well with USGS map elevations. The main reasons for this discrepancy is the inherent poor fix geometry available for vertical determinations (the earth is always blocking some of the desired satellites) and the use of different reference surfaces for the vertical measurement. DO NOT USE GPS ELEVATIONS FOR CRITICAL NAVIGATION DECISIONS.

d) Select which "North" your GPS receiver will use as the zero degree reference. The default in your receiver is probably true north = 0 degrees. You can also select magnetic north = 0 degrees or grid north (north-south lines of the UTM grid) = 0 degrees. Many users select magnetic north as zero degrees so they can follow a compass bearing without converting the azimuth to true north. Many GPS units automatically calculate the local magnetic variation (declination) for the fixed time and date.

USGS has a general information page at http://recreation.usgs.gov

Private organizations, such as American Whitewater, provide alternative resources that use USGS and other information for planning water-based activities.

Yes. Swimbladders allow precise control of buoyancy because the volume of gas they contain can be regulated with ease. Two types of swimbladders exist. Some fish have swimbladders with a connection or duct to the gut. The swimbladder is inflated by gulping air at the water's surface and forcing it through the duct into the swimbladder. Defaltion occurs by a reflex action initiated when reduced external pressure makes the fish too light, releasing gas by way of the duct into the esophogus. The other type of swimbladder is a "closed" system. Special structures associated with the circulatory system are used for inflating or deflating. The structure is a tight bundle of capillaries. This vascular arrangement provides an efficient, countercurrent exchange of blood gases, allowing gas pressure to increase within the swimbladder.