Photo and Video Chronology - Kīlauea - October 21, 1997

[Eruption updates are posted approximately every two weeks. More frequent updates will accompany drastic changes in activity or increased threat to residential areas.]

For readers familiar with events of the past few months, recent changes include these:

• At 0400 hrs HST on Saturday morning, October 18, lava began issuing vigorously from the crater vent inside Pu`u `O`o. The lava repeatedly ponded within the crater and then overflowed through low points on the east and west sides of the crater. Overflows persisted until Sunday evening, October 19, when the pond began to drain more efficiently. The crater vent continues its vigorous eruption.
• The broad area of incandescent lava that forms as the lava streams from the crater vent to the adjacent pond creates the spectacular orange glow in the night sky surrounding Pu`u `O`o. We've received reports of the glow from as far away as Papaikou, a town on Hawai`i's Hamakua (northeastern) coast, 45 km north of the volcano.
• Lava that overflows from Pu`u `O`o rarely travels farther than about 700 m. These events end when the pond suddenly drains, cutting off the supply of lava to the flows and causing them to stagnate.
• Lava that normally travels in tubes to the coast dwindled to a trickle at noon Saturday, Oct. 18. Consequently the steam plumes at the ocean entries disappeared. Lava resumed flowing more vigorously about 18 hours later on Sunday, with heightened discharge into the ocean and renewed plumes.
• Ocean entries remain situated at Waha`ula and East Kamokuna, which are the distal ends of the tube system. With the exception of the Pu`u `O`o overflows, new surface flows are limited to rare scattered breakouts along the coastal plain.
• Sulfur dioxide gas is emitted at a rate of 1,500-2,000 tons per day from the vents in the Pu`u `O`o area.

The 55th episode of Kilauea's 14.5-year-long east rift zone eruption continues. This episode, which began February 24, 1997, was characterized in its early months by shifting vent locations on the west and southwest flanks of Pu`u `O`o cone and by rapid enlargement of the episode 50-55 lava shield. The flow field expanded slowly until, in July, lava reached the sea. The supply of lava to these flows became restricted to tubes, and surface flow activity diminished greatly.

During the last eleven weeks, eruptive activity has been concentrated at two main vents: a vent on the Pu`u `O`o crater floor and the "south shield," a new lava shield about 300 m south of the Pu`u `O`o cone. The most obvious of these has been the "crater vent," which began as a spatter cone on the Pu`u `O`o crater floor. In September, however, the spatter cone subsided into its own throat, leaving a pit. The pit is about 40 m in diameter, and from its cauldron lava froths and sloshes. This vent is the source of glow seen in the night sky from many vantage points on the east slope of Kilauea volcano.

Lava issuing from the crater vent either forms a pond in the eastern half of the Pu`u `O`o crater or drains through holes in the crater floor, depending on the amount of opening and connectedness of passageways. In the past few days the pond has overflowed through low points in the crater rim. The overflowing lava never travels far but has been visible throughout much of east Hawaii.

The other main vent is the south shield, source of the flows entering the ocean at the Waha`ula and Kamokuna sites near the eastern boundary of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park. The flows are encased within lava tubes for most of their length and are visible only through skylights in the roof of the tube. Aside from the volumetrically small overflows from Pu`u `O`o, surface flows during the last two weeks have been limited to short-lived breakouts from the tubes on the coastal plain.

The tubes discharge their lava at the shoreline. The hot lava, about 1150 degrees Celsius when it reaches the ocean, generates thick plumes of steam upon contact with seawater. The new lava builds low terraces or benches beyond the former seacliffs. Small explosions periodically disrupt the rapidly chilling lava and throw it onto the bench, building low nearshore (littoral) cones. A far greater threat exists, however: these benches can collapse into the sea without warning, triggering large steam explosions that hurl dense rock and molten spatter tens of meters inland. No one should venture onto the benches, no matter how stable the new land may appear.

Eruption-viewing opportunities are constantly changing, so those readers planning a visit to the volcano should contact Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park for the most current eruption information (808-985-6000).