Madison Aquifer Study in the Rapid City Area
Project Period: 2000-2008
Cooperator: City of Rapid City
Project Chief: Larry Putnam
Executive Summary
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Rapid City have had a long-term cooperative relationship to conduct hydrologic investigations to better understand the complex system that supplies water to Rapid City and the surrounding area. Rapid City has become a regional water supplier and demand for water within and beyond the city limits continues to increase steadily due to rapid population growth. As such, sound scientific information is needed to assess the consequences of future development and drought on water supplies and to maintain the delivery of high-quality water. This collaborative study plan is designed to assist the City with hydrologic data and additional interpretive information to better provide a sustainable, high-quality water supply. City water supplies are obtained from wells completed in the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, collection galleries in the alluvium along Rapid Creek, and surface water from Rapid Creek.
The Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are vital water supplies for Rapid City and the surrounding areas. The Madison aquifer is especially vulnerable to contamination in the Rapid City area because of (1) bedrock outcrop areas west of Rapid City; (2) direct connections to potential surface contaminants through streamflow loss zones; and (3) fast travel paths through solution-enhanced openings and fractures. Collection galleries in the Rapid Creek alluvium also are supplied in part by springflow originating from the bedrock aquifers. Evaluations related to meeting future water supply demands and protecting these aquifers from contamination requires a better understanding of the characteristics of these important aquifers. These long-term objectives are being accomplished with a variety of hydrologic investigations conducted by the USGS.
A detailed description of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area is available in “Long, A.J., and Putnam, L.D., 2002, Flow-system analysis of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota--Conceptual Model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4185, 100 p., 3 pl.”
Objectives
The objectives of the study include maintaining a water-level monitoring network, conducting aquifer tests, analyzing ground-water flow paths using environmental and anthropogenic tracers, compiling and evaluating water budgets, and developing conceptual and numerical models of the aquifers.
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Below are publications associated with this project.
Numerical groundwater-flow model of the Minnelusa and Madison hydrogeologic units in the Rapid City area, South Dakota
Algal and water-quality data for Rapid Creek and Canyon Lake near Rapid City, South Dakota, 2007
Analysis of ground-water flow in the Madison aquifer using fluorescent dyes injected in Spring Creek and Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota, 2003-04
Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data
Flow-system analysis of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota — Conceptual model
Ground-water and surface-water interactions along Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota
Tracing Recharge from Sinking Streams over Spatial Dimensions of Kilometers in a Karst Aquifer
Hydraulic properties of the Madison aquifer system in the western Rapid City area, South Dakota
Below are partners associated with this project.
- Overview
Project Period: 2000-2008
Cooperator: City of Rapid City
Project Chief: Larry PutnamExecutive Summary
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Rapid City have had a long-term cooperative relationship to conduct hydrologic investigations to better understand the complex system that supplies water to Rapid City and the surrounding area. Rapid City has become a regional water supplier and demand for water within and beyond the city limits continues to increase steadily due to rapid population growth. As such, sound scientific information is needed to assess the consequences of future development and drought on water supplies and to maintain the delivery of high-quality water. This collaborative study plan is designed to assist the City with hydrologic data and additional interpretive information to better provide a sustainable, high-quality water supply. City water supplies are obtained from wells completed in the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers, collection galleries in the alluvium along Rapid Creek, and surface water from Rapid Creek.
The Madison and Minnelusa aquifers are vital water supplies for Rapid City and the surrounding areas. The Madison aquifer is especially vulnerable to contamination in the Rapid City area because of (1) bedrock outcrop areas west of Rapid City; (2) direct connections to potential surface contaminants through streamflow loss zones; and (3) fast travel paths through solution-enhanced openings and fractures. Collection galleries in the Rapid Creek alluvium also are supplied in part by springflow originating from the bedrock aquifers. Evaluations related to meeting future water supply demands and protecting these aquifers from contamination requires a better understanding of the characteristics of these important aquifers. These long-term objectives are being accomplished with a variety of hydrologic investigations conducted by the USGS.
A detailed description of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area is available in “Long, A.J., and Putnam, L.D., 2002, Flow-system analysis of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota--Conceptual Model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4185, 100 p., 3 pl.”
Objectives
The objectives of the study include maintaining a water-level monitoring network, conducting aquifer tests, analyzing ground-water flow paths using environmental and anthropogenic tracers, compiling and evaluating water budgets, and developing conceptual and numerical models of the aquifers.
- Multimedia
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project.
Numerical groundwater-flow model of the Minnelusa and Madison hydrogeologic units in the Rapid City area, South Dakota
The city of Rapid City and other water users in the Rapid City area obtain water supplies from the Minnelusa and Madison aquifers, which are contained in the Minnelusa and Madison hydrogeologic units. A numerical groundwater-flow model of the Minnelusa and Madison hydrogeologic units in the Rapid City area was developed to synthesize estimates of water-budget components and hydraulic properties, aAuthorsLarry D. Putnam, Andrew J. LongAlgal and water-quality data for Rapid Creek and Canyon Lake near Rapid City, South Dakota, 2007
This report summarizes the results of algae and water-quality sampling on Rapid Creek and Canyon Lake during May and September 2007. The overall purpose of the study was to determine the algal community composition of Rapid Creek and Canyon Lake in relation to organisms that are known producers of unwanted tastes and odors in drinking-water supplies. Algal assemblage structure (phytoplankton and pAuthorsGalen K. Hoogestraat, Larry D. Putnam, Jennifer L. GrahamAnalysis of ground-water flow in the Madison aquifer using fluorescent dyes injected in Spring Creek and Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota, 2003-04
The Madison aquifer, which contains fractures and solution openings in the Madison Limestone, is used extensively for water supplies for the city of Rapid City and other suburban communities in the Rapid City, S. Dak., area. The 48 square-mile study area includes the west-central and southwest parts of Rapid City and the outcrops of the Madison Limestone extending from south of Spring Creek to norAuthorsLarry D. Putnam, Andrew J. LongLinear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data
The stable isotope of oxygen, 18O, is used as a naturally occurring ground-water tracer. Time-series data for ??18O are analyzed to model the distinct responses and relative proportions of the conduit, intermediate, and diffuse flow components in karst aquifers. This analysis also describes mathematically the dynamics of the transient fluid interchange between conduits and diffusive networks. CondAuthorsAndrew J. Long, L.D. PutnamFlow-system analysis of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area, South Dakota — Conceptual model
The conceptual model of the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Rapid City area synthesizes the physical geography, hydraulic properties, and ground-water flow components of these important aquifers. The Madison hydrogeologic unit includes the karstic Madison aquifer, which is defined as the upper, more permeable 100 to 200 ft of the Madison Limestone, and the Madison confining unit, which consiAuthorsAndrew J. Long, Larry D. PutnamGround-water and surface-water interactions along Rapid Creek near Rapid City, South Dakota
No abstract available.AuthorsMark T. Anderson, Daniel G. Driscoll, Joyce E. WilliamsonTracing Recharge from Sinking Streams over Spatial Dimensions of Kilometers in a Karst Aquifer
Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen were used to trace the sources of recharge from sinking streams to wells and springs several kilometers downgradient in the karst Madison aquifer near Rapid City, South Dakota. Temporal sampling of streamflow above the swallets identified a distinct isotopic signature that was used to define the spatial dimensions of recharge to the aquifer. When more than onAuthorsE.A. GreeneHydraulic properties of the Madison aquifer system in the western Rapid City area, South Dakota
Available information on hydrogeology, data from borehole geophysical logs, and aquifer tests were used to determine the hydraulic properties of the Madison aquifer. From aquifer-test analysis, transmissivity and storage coefficient were determined for the Minnelusa and Madison aquifers, and vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv') along with specific storage (Ss') for the Minnelusa confining bed.AuthorsEarl A. Greene - Partners
Below are partners associated with this project.