Chronic Wasting Disease Active
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging infectious disease that is fatal to free-ranging and captive animals in Cervidae, the deer family. CWD is one member of a family of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and is thought to be caused by prions. CWD is the only TSE known to affect free-ranging wildlife.
Since its initial identification in Colorado in captive mule deer in the late 1960s and free-ranging elk in the 1980s, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has affected captive and free-ranging cervids (members of the deer family) in about half the States in the United States, as well as Canada, South Korea, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, and continues to spread across North America through new and recurring outbreaks. The only prion disease known to affect free-ranging wildlife, CWD is increasing in prevalence in areas where the disease is already established. In heavily affected areas of Wyoming, Colorado, and Wisconsin, more than 40% of free-ranging cervids are infected; wildlife managers and researchers have documented CWD-associated population declines in white-tailed deer, mule deer, and elk.
CWD is one member of a family of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which includes scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (commonly called “mad cow disease”) in cattle, and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in humans. The causative agents of TSEs are thought to be prions. Prions are unconventional pathogenic agents that are comprised mostly, if not entirely, of an abnormal, infectious form of a normally occurring host protein called a prion protein. Prion proteins are found most abundantly in mammalian brain and central nervous system tissues. Currently, effective treatment for CWD does not exist, and management practices to prevent disease transmission in cervids are limited.
Scientists at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) work collaboratively with and provide technical assistance to various federal, state, and tribal natural resources agencies, academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations and industry partners. Some of these collaborative efforts include, but are not limited to:
- Understanding the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of CWD
- Assessing and predicting the spread and persistence of CWD in wildlife and the environment; and
- Developing tools for early detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and control of CWD.
Research performed at the NWHC has been instrumental in developing surveillance strategies for early detection of CWD in Montana (Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department) and Shenandoah National Park (National Park Service), identifying potential disease risks posed by CWD to noncervid species such as bighorn sheep, and identifying environmental factors, like soil and plants, that may facilitate CWD transmission on the landscape.
The benefits of USGS research on CWD extend beyond wildlife management. For example, USGS scientists identified a novel enzyme from lichens with the ability to break down infectious prion protein that is being studied for its use in decontaminating human hospital environments in collaboration with an industry partner. Efforts will continue to focus on improving diagnostic testing platforms in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, providing surveillance and modeling technical assistance to a long-term CWD study carried out by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, developing modeling techniques for predicting CWD growth within free-ranging cervid populations and forecasting disease spread in regions of interest, and continued identification and development of novel anti-prion compounds and processes to disrupt disease transmission cycles.
In addition to research, the NWHC also conducts numerous communications and outreach activities and products, such as fact sheets, briefings, media interviews, and presentations, on both a national and international scale.
To learn more about Chronic Wasting Disease, see our fact sheet - Chronic Wasting Disease: Status, Science, and Management Support by the U.S. Geological Survey.
To learn more about the plan for assisting states, federal agencies, and tribes in managing chronic wasting disease in wild and captive cervids, see - Federal Plan for Assisting States, Federal Agencies, and Tribes 2002.
Access up-to-date maps of the expanding distribution of chronic wasting disease.
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Below are multimedia items associated with chronic wasting disease.
Below are publications about chronic wasting disease.
Chronic wasting disease—Status, science, and management support by the U.S. Geological Survey
The walk is never random: subtle landscape effects shape gene flow in a continuous white-tailed deer population in the Midwestern United States
Lichens: Unexpected anti-prion agents?
Alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification
Diversity and distribution of white-tailed deer mtDNA lineages in chronic wasting disease (CWD) outbreak areas in southern Wisconsin, USA
Modeling routes of chronic wasting disease transmission: Environmental prion persistence promotes deer population decline and extinction
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics
Surveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin
Genetic susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in free-ranging white-tailed deer: complement component C1q and Prnp polymorphisms
Deer carcass decomposition and potential scavenger exposure to chronic wasting disease
Spatial and temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease: Fine-scale mapping of a wildlife epidemic in Wisconsin
Scale-dependent approaches to modeling spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease.
Chronic Wasting Disease Positive Tissue Bank
Below are news stories about chronic wasting disease.
Below are FAQs about chronic wasting disease.
- Overview
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an emerging infectious disease that is fatal to free-ranging and captive animals in Cervidae, the deer family. CWD is one member of a family of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), and is thought to be caused by prions. CWD is the only TSE known to affect free-ranging wildlife.
Since its initial identification in Colorado in captive mule deer in the late 1960s and free-ranging elk in the 1980s, chronic wasting disease (CWD) has affected captive and free-ranging cervids (members of the deer family) in about half the States in the United States, as well as Canada, South Korea, Norway, Finland, and Sweden, and continues to spread across North America through new and recurring outbreaks. The only prion disease known to affect free-ranging wildlife, CWD is increasing in prevalence in areas where the disease is already established. In heavily affected areas of Wyoming, Colorado, and Wisconsin, more than 40% of free-ranging cervids are infected; wildlife managers and researchers have documented CWD-associated population declines in white-tailed deer, mule deer, and elk.
CWD is one member of a family of diseases called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which includes scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (commonly called “mad cow disease”) in cattle, and Creutzfeldt Jakob disease in humans. The causative agents of TSEs are thought to be prions. Prions are unconventional pathogenic agents that are comprised mostly, if not entirely, of an abnormal, infectious form of a normally occurring host protein called a prion protein. Prion proteins are found most abundantly in mammalian brain and central nervous system tissues. Currently, effective treatment for CWD does not exist, and management practices to prevent disease transmission in cervids are limited.
Scientists at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) work collaboratively with and provide technical assistance to various federal, state, and tribal natural resources agencies, academic institutions, nongovernmental organizations and industry partners. Some of these collaborative efforts include, but are not limited to:
- Understanding the biology, ecology, and epidemiology of CWD
- Assessing and predicting the spread and persistence of CWD in wildlife and the environment; and
- Developing tools for early detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and control of CWD.
Research performed at the NWHC has been instrumental in developing surveillance strategies for early detection of CWD in Montana (Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department) and Shenandoah National Park (National Park Service), identifying potential disease risks posed by CWD to noncervid species such as bighorn sheep, and identifying environmental factors, like soil and plants, that may facilitate CWD transmission on the landscape.
The benefits of USGS research on CWD extend beyond wildlife management. For example, USGS scientists identified a novel enzyme from lichens with the ability to break down infectious prion protein that is being studied for its use in decontaminating human hospital environments in collaboration with an industry partner. Efforts will continue to focus on improving diagnostic testing platforms in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, providing surveillance and modeling technical assistance to a long-term CWD study carried out by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, developing modeling techniques for predicting CWD growth within free-ranging cervid populations and forecasting disease spread in regions of interest, and continued identification and development of novel anti-prion compounds and processes to disrupt disease transmission cycles.
In addition to research, the NWHC also conducts numerous communications and outreach activities and products, such as fact sheets, briefings, media interviews, and presentations, on both a national and international scale.
To learn more about Chronic Wasting Disease, see our fact sheet - Chronic Wasting Disease: Status, Science, and Management Support by the U.S. Geological Survey.
To learn more about the plan for assisting states, federal agencies, and tribes in managing chronic wasting disease in wild and captive cervids, see - Federal Plan for Assisting States, Federal Agencies, and Tribes 2002.
Access up-to-date maps of the expanding distribution of chronic wasting disease.
- Science
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
- Multimedia
Below are multimedia items associated with chronic wasting disease.
- Publications
Below are publications about chronic wasting disease.
Chronic wasting disease—Status, science, and management support by the U.S. Geological Survey
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigates chronic wasting disease (CWD) at multiple science centers and cooperative research units across the Nation and supports the management of CWD through science-based strategies. CWD research conducted by USGS scientists has three strategies: (1) to understand the biology, ecology, and causes and distribution of CWD; (2) to assess and predict the spreadAuthorsChristina M. Carlson, M. Camille Hopkins, Natalie T. Nguyen, Bryan J. Richards, Daniel P. Walsh, W. David WalterFilter Total Items: 47The walk is never random: subtle landscape effects shape gene flow in a continuous white-tailed deer population in the Midwestern United States
One of the pervasive challenges in landscape genetics is detecting gene flow patterns within continuous populations of highly mobile wildlife. Understanding population genetic structure within a continuous population can give insights into social structure, movement across the landscape and contact between populations, which influence ecological interactions, reproductive dynamics or pathogen tranAuthorsStacie J. Robinson, Michael D. Samuel, Davin L. Lopez, Paul SheltonLichens: Unexpected anti-prion agents?
The prion diseases sheep scrapie and cervid chronic wasting disease are transmitted, in part, via an environmental reservoir of infectivity; prions released from infected animals persist in the environment and can cause disease years later. Central to controlling disease transmission is the identification of methods capable of inactivating these agents on the landscape. We have found that certainAuthorsCynthia M. Rodriguez, James P. Bennett, Christopher J. JohnsonAlteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the United States, three Canadian provinces, and South Korea. Whether noncervid species can be infected by CWD and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. To investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) toAuthorsTimothy D. Kurt, Davis M. Seelig, Jay R. Schneider, Christopher J. Johnson, Glenn C. Telling, Dennis M. Heisey, Edward A. HooverDiversity and distribution of white-tailed deer mtDNA lineages in chronic wasting disease (CWD) outbreak areas in southern Wisconsin, USA
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting North American cervids. Because it is uniformly fatal, the disease is a major concern in the management of white-tailed deer populations. Management programs to control CWD require improved knowledge of deer interaction, movement, and population connectivity that could influence disease transmission and spread. GeAuthorsK.G. Rogers, S.J. Robinson, M. D. Samuel, D.A. GrearModeling routes of chronic wasting disease transmission: Environmental prion persistence promotes deer population decline and extinction
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of deer, elk, and moose transmitted through direct, animal-to-animal contact, and indirectly, via environmental contamination. Considerable attention has been paid to modeling direct transmission, but despite the fact that CWD prions can remain infectious in the environment for years, relatively little information exists about the potential effectsAuthorsEmily S. Almberg, Paul C. Cross, Christopher J. Johnson, Dennis M. Heisey, Bryan J. RichardsChronic wasting disease (CWD) susceptibility of several North American rodents that are sympatric with cervid CWD epidemics
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly contagious always fatal neurodegenerative disease that is currently known to naturally infect only species of the deer family, Cervidae. CWD epidemics are occurring in free-ranging cervids at several locations in North America, and other wildlife species are certainly being exposed to infectious material. To assess the potential for transmission, we intracAuthorsD.M. Heisey, N.A. Mickelsen, J.R. Schneider, C.J. Johnson, J.A. Langenberg, P.N. Bochsler, D.P. Keane, D.J. BarrSurveillance for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in scavengers of white-tailed deer carcasses in the chronic wasting disease area of wisconsin
Chronic wasting disease (CWD), a class of neurodegenerative transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) occurring in cervids, is found in a number of states and provinces across North America. Misfolded prions, the infectious agents of CWD, are deposited in the environment via carcass remains and excreta, and pose a threat of cross-species transmission. In this study tissues were tested from 8AuthorsC.S. Jennelle, M. D. Samuel, C.A. Nolden, D.P. Keane, D.J. Barr, Chad Johnson, J.P. Vanderloo, Judd M. Aiken, A.N. Hamir, E.A. HooverGenetic susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in free-ranging white-tailed deer: complement component C1q and Prnp polymorphisms
The genetic basis of susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in free-ranging cervids is of great interest. Association studies of disease susceptibility in free-ranging populations, however, face considerable challenges including: the need for large sample sizes when disease is rare, animals of unknown pedigree create a risk of spurious results due to population admixture, and the inabilitAuthorsJulie A. Blanchong, Dennis M. Heisey, Kim T. Scribner, Scot V. Libants, Chad Johnson, Judd M. Aiken, Julia A. Langenberg, Michael D. SamuelDeer carcass decomposition and potential scavenger exposure to chronic wasting disease
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy afflicting the Cervidae family in North America, causing neurodegeneration and ultimately death. Although there are no reports of natural cross-species transmission of CWD to noncervids, infected deer carcasses pose a potential risk of CWD exposure for other animals. We placed 40 disease-free white-tailed deer (Odocoileus vAuthorsC.S. Jennelle, M. D. Samuel, C.A. Nolden, E.A. BerkleySpatial and temporal patterns of chronic wasting disease: Fine-scale mapping of a wildlife epidemic in Wisconsin
Emerging infectious diseases threaten wildlife populations and human health. Understanding the spatial distributions of these new diseases is important for disease management and policy makers; however, the data are complicated by heterogeneities across host classes, sampling variance, sampling biases, and the space-time epidemic process. Ignoring these issues can lead to false conclusions or obscAuthorsE.E. Osnas, D.M. Heisey, R.E. Rolley, M. D. SamuelScale-dependent approaches to modeling spatial epidemiology of chronic wasting disease.
This e-book is the product of a second workshop that was funded and promoted by the United States Geological Survey to enhance cooperation between states for the management of chronic wasting disease (CWD). The first workshop addressed issues surrounding the statistical design and collection of surveillance data for CWD. The second workshop, from which this document arose, followed logically fromAuthorsMary M. Conner, John E. Gross, Paul C. Cross, Michael R. Ebinger, Robert Gillies, Michael D. Samuel, Michael W. MillerChronic Wasting Disease Positive Tissue Bank
In 2005, the USGS National Wildlife Health Center entered into an agreement with the Wyoming Game and Fish Department and the Department of Veterinary Sciences at the University of Wyoming to produce a collection of positive tissues from cervids intentionally infected with chronic wasting disease. This agreement was facilitated through the University of Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit.AuthorsScott D. Wright - News
Below are news stories about chronic wasting disease.
- FAQ
Below are FAQs about chronic wasting disease.