Resilience and Recovery: Science for Future Reefs Completed
Understanding the variability in mechanisms underlying reef resilience is critical for reef management under climate change.
This study is part of the USGS Coral Reef Project.
The Problem
Coral reefs are facing increasing stress from climate change (elevated sea-surface temperatures and acidification), combined with local stresses from over-fishing and sedimentation and other sources of land-based pollution. In light of the potential for these stressors to increase the rate of coral reef degradation to epidemic levels, coral reef scientists and managers world-wide are shifting emphasis towards identifying the key mechanisms controlling reef resiliency. There is a compelling need for information that will help managers identify processes and specific areas, at the jurisdictional level, where coral reefs will be the most viable in the future and where, given the unpredictability of stresses, reefs might be best suited for recovery. For example, some coral reefs that had been decimated by bleaching in 1997–1998 subsequently made rapid recoveries; clearly, identifying reefs having such potential will be powerful management tool in this era of increasing stress agents. This shift by the scientific community from identifying the processes of decline to identifying solutions for the future is highlighted in many recent publications, workshops, and international meetings.
Much of the thinking thus far by the scientific community has focused on the biologic indicators of resiliency, such as coral cover, species diversity, and fish populations. The parameters that influence the health and sustainability of coral reefs are diverse and include changes in watersheds, coastal development, stream discharge, coastal circulation, and larval pathways and natural causes of stress (for example, large wave events in Hawaiʻi). They also include potential natural processes that reduce stress (for example, upwelling, internal-wave mixing, submarine groundwater discharge). Identifying areas of coral reefs that have the highest potential for survival requires a cross-cutting assessment of all of the salient geographic, geologic, and oceanographic factors as well.
Very little effort thus far has addressed potential reef managed/protected areas using a comprehensive evaluation of all the important processes that affect the health and long-term viability of a reef. Understanding the variability in mechanisms underlying resilience is critical for reef management under climate change, for reefs able to rapidly recover due to a combination of resiliency factors may serve as key refugia, or sources of larvae, for reef recovery at larger scales.
The Approach
This effort represents a new level of research and coordination, and we will have a two-fold approach.
- Focused research studies on natural processes that have the potential to offset deleterious effects due to climate change. Improved understanding of the natural processes that reduce water temperature to selected reefs is a key objective. Upwelling of cool oceanic seawater along reef fronts, mixing by breaking internal waves, and discharge of submarine groundwater onto shallow reef flats are three such processes.
- A comprehensive evaluation of coral reefs and all important geologic and oceanographic factors for identification of those reefs, at a regional scale, that are potentially the most resilient and the most likely to recover from an extreme event. Marine protected areas in Hawaiʻi are very small, and as noted in Status of Coral Reefs in Hawaiʻi and U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas, Chapter 15, (2008): “MPAs [in Hawaiʻi] are too small to have significant effects outside their boundaries.”
The approach to these interdisciplinary studies will rely on a combination of laboratory efforts, field measurements and physics-based numerical monitoring. We use a wide range of tools to try to answer these questions, including: oceanographic instruments (for example, acoustic Doppler current profilers, wave/tide gauges, temperature sensors, salinity sensors, turbidity sensors, chemical sensors) mounted on the seabed or on moorings, water-column profilers with similar suites of sensors, GPS-equipped Lagrangian surface drifters, drop and towed underwater video mapping systems, swath acoustic mapping systems, airborne and space-based remote sensing imagery, and physics-based numerical models.
Below are data releases associated with this project.
Below are publications associated with this project.
Coral calcification and ocean acidification
Many atolls may be uninhabitable within decades due to climate change
The influence of coral reefs and climate change on wave-driven flooding of tropical coastlines
The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation
Coastal circulation and water-column properties in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: measurements and modeling of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, April-August 2012
Mercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi
Coastal circulation and potential coral-larval dispersal in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii—Measurements of waves, currents, temperature, and salinity, June-September 2010
Science-Based Strategies for Sustaining Coral Ecosystems
The coral reef of South Moloka'i, Hawai'i— Portrait of a sediment-threatened fringing reef
Science and management in the Hanalei watershed: A trans-disciplinary approach: Proceedings from the Hanalei watershed workshop, February 21-22, 2007
The application of acoustic Doppler current profilers to measure the timing and patterns of coral larval dispersal
Application of acoustic doppler current profilers for measuring three-dimensional flow fields and as a surrogate measurement of bedload transport
- Overview
Understanding the variability in mechanisms underlying reef resilience is critical for reef management under climate change.
This study is part of the USGS Coral Reef Project.
The Problem
Coral reefs are facing increasing stress from climate change (elevated sea-surface temperatures and acidification), combined with local stresses from over-fishing and sedimentation and other sources of land-based pollution. In light of the potential for these stressors to increase the rate of coral reef degradation to epidemic levels, coral reef scientists and managers world-wide are shifting emphasis towards identifying the key mechanisms controlling reef resiliency. There is a compelling need for information that will help managers identify processes and specific areas, at the jurisdictional level, where coral reefs will be the most viable in the future and where, given the unpredictability of stresses, reefs might be best suited for recovery. For example, some coral reefs that had been decimated by bleaching in 1997–1998 subsequently made rapid recoveries; clearly, identifying reefs having such potential will be powerful management tool in this era of increasing stress agents. This shift by the scientific community from identifying the processes of decline to identifying solutions for the future is highlighted in many recent publications, workshops, and international meetings.
Much of the thinking thus far by the scientific community has focused on the biologic indicators of resiliency, such as coral cover, species diversity, and fish populations. The parameters that influence the health and sustainability of coral reefs are diverse and include changes in watersheds, coastal development, stream discharge, coastal circulation, and larval pathways and natural causes of stress (for example, large wave events in Hawaiʻi). They also include potential natural processes that reduce stress (for example, upwelling, internal-wave mixing, submarine groundwater discharge). Identifying areas of coral reefs that have the highest potential for survival requires a cross-cutting assessment of all of the salient geographic, geologic, and oceanographic factors as well.
Very little effort thus far has addressed potential reef managed/protected areas using a comprehensive evaluation of all the important processes that affect the health and long-term viability of a reef. Understanding the variability in mechanisms underlying resilience is critical for reef management under climate change, for reefs able to rapidly recover due to a combination of resiliency factors may serve as key refugia, or sources of larvae, for reef recovery at larger scales.
The Approach
This effort represents a new level of research and coordination, and we will have a two-fold approach.
- Focused research studies on natural processes that have the potential to offset deleterious effects due to climate change. Improved understanding of the natural processes that reduce water temperature to selected reefs is a key objective. Upwelling of cool oceanic seawater along reef fronts, mixing by breaking internal waves, and discharge of submarine groundwater onto shallow reef flats are three such processes.
- A comprehensive evaluation of coral reefs and all important geologic and oceanographic factors for identification of those reefs, at a regional scale, that are potentially the most resilient and the most likely to recover from an extreme event. Marine protected areas in Hawaiʻi are very small, and as noted in Status of Coral Reefs in Hawaiʻi and U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas, Chapter 15, (2008): “MPAs [in Hawaiʻi] are too small to have significant effects outside their boundaries.”
The approach to these interdisciplinary studies will rely on a combination of laboratory efforts, field measurements and physics-based numerical monitoring. We use a wide range of tools to try to answer these questions, including: oceanographic instruments (for example, acoustic Doppler current profilers, wave/tide gauges, temperature sensors, salinity sensors, turbidity sensors, chemical sensors) mounted on the seabed or on moorings, water-column profilers with similar suites of sensors, GPS-equipped Lagrangian surface drifters, drop and towed underwater video mapping systems, swath acoustic mapping systems, airborne and space-based remote sensing imagery, and physics-based numerical models.
- Data
Below are data releases associated with this project.
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project.
Filter Total Items: 25Coral calcification and ocean acidification
Over 60 years ago, the discovery that light increased calcification in the coral plant-animal symbiosis triggered interest in explaining the phenomenon and understanding the mechanisms involved. Major findings along the way include the observation that carbon fixed by photosynthesis in the zooxanthellae is translocated to animal cells throughout the colony and that corals can therefore live as autAuthorsPaul L. Jokiel, Christopher P. Jury, Ilsa B. KuffnerMany atolls may be uninhabitable within decades due to climate change
Observations show global sea level is rising due to climate change, with the highest rates in the tropical Pacific Ocean where many of the world’s low-lying atolls are located. Sea-level rise is particularly critical for low-lying carbonate reef-lined atoll islands; these islands have limited land and water available for human habitation, water and food sources, and ecosystems that are vulnerableAuthorsCurt D. Storlazzi, Edwin P.L. Elias, Paul BerkowitzThe influence of coral reefs and climate change on wave-driven flooding of tropical coastlines
A numerical model, XBeach, calibrated and validated on field data collected at Roi-Namur Island on Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of Marshall Islands, was used to examine the effects of different coral reef characteristics on potential coastal hazards caused by wave-driven flooding and how these effects may be altered by projected climate change. The results presented herein suggest that coasts fAuthorsEllen Quataert, Curt D. Storlazzi, Arnold van Rooijen, Ap van Dongeren, Olivia CheritonThe effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation
The world’s coastal zones are experiencing rapid development and an increase in storms and flooding. These hazards put coastal communities at heightened risk, which may increase with habitat loss. Here we analyse globally the role and cost effectiveness of coral reefs in risk reduction. Meta-analyses reveal that coral reefs provide substantial protection against natural hazards by reducing wave enAuthorsFilippo Ferrario, Michael W. Beck, Curt D. Storlazzi, Fiorenza Micheli, Christine C. Shepard, Laura AiroldiCoastal circulation and water-column properties in the War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam: measurements and modeling of waves, currents, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, April-August 2012
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (PCMSC) initiated an investigation in the National Park Service’s (NPS) War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA) to provide baseline scientific information on coastal circulation and water-column properties along west-central Guam, focusing on WAPA’s Agat Unit, as it relates to the transport and settlement of corAuthorsCurt D. Storlazzi, Olivia M. Cheriton, Jamie M.R. Lescinski, Joshua B. LoganMercury dynamics in a coastal aquifer: Maunalua Bay, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi
We evaluated the influence of groundwater–seawater interaction on mercury dynamics in Maunalua Bay, a coral reef ecosystem located on the south shore of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, by combining geochemical data with submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) rates. During a rising tide, unfiltered total mercury (U-HgT) concentrations in seawater increased from ∼6 to 20 pM at Black Point (west Bay) and from ∼2.5 toAuthorsPriya M. Ganguli, Peter W. Swarzenski, Henrieta Dulaiova, Craig R. Glenn, A. Russell FlegalCoastal circulation and potential coral-larval dispersal in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii—Measurements of waves, currents, temperature, and salinity, June-September 2010
This report presents a summary of fieldwork conducted in Maunalua Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii to address coral-larval dispersal and recruitment from June through September, 2010. The objectives of this study were to understand the temporal and spatial variations in currents, waves, tides, temperature, and salinity in Maunalua Bay during the summer coral-spawning season of Montipora capitata. Short-term vesAuthorsM. Katherine Presto, Curt D. Storlazzi, Joshua B. Logan, Thomas E. Reiss, Kurt J. RosenbergerScience-Based Strategies for Sustaining Coral Ecosystems
Coral ecosystems and their natural capital are at risk. Greenhouse gas emissions, overfishing, and harmful land-use practices are damaging our coral reefs. Overwhelming scientific evidence indicates that the threats are serious, and if they are left unchecked, the ecological and social consequences will be significant and widespread. Although the primary stressors to coral ecosystems are known, scAuthorsThe coral reef of South Moloka'i, Hawai'i— Portrait of a sediment-threatened fringing reef
Moloka‘i, with the most extensive coral reef in the main Hawaiian Islands, is especially sacred to Hina, the Goddess of the Moon. As Hinaalo, she is the Mother of the Hawaiian people; as Hinapuku‘a, she is the Goddess of Fishermen; and in the form Hina‘opuhalako‘a, she is the Goddess who gave birth to coral, coral reefs, and all spiny marine organisms. Interdependence between the reef’s living resScience and management in the Hanalei watershed: A trans-disciplinary approach: Proceedings from the Hanalei watershed workshop, February 21-22, 2007
The results of recent studies in the Hanalei watershed are impressive, both in content and breadth. Funded, directed, and/or conducted by investigators from many disciplines from local organizations (the Hanalei Watershed Hui), the University of Hawai‘i, the State of Hawai‘i (Department of Health, Department of Land and Natural Resources), and Federal organizations (U.S. Department of Agriculture,AuthorsMichael E. Field, Carl J. Berg, Susan A. CochranThe application of acoustic Doppler current profilers to measure the timing and patterns of coral larval dispersal
An experiment was conducted along the reefs off west Maui, Hawaii, during the summer of 2003 to monitor the spawning of the reef-building coral Montipora capitata and to determine the role of ocean currents in dispersing the larvae from the natal reef. Instruments documented the environmental forcing during the coral spawning season; drifters were deployed on three successive nights following direAuthorsCurt D. Storlazzi, E.K. Brown, Michael E. FieldApplication of acoustic doppler current profilers for measuring three-dimensional flow fields and as a surrogate measurement of bedload transport
Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have been in use in the riverine environment for nearly 20 years. Their application primarily has been focused on the measurement of streamflow discharge. ADCPs emit high-frequency sound pulses and receive reflected sound echoes from sediment particles in the water column. The Doppler shift between transmitted and return signals is resolved into a velocitAuthorsJeffrey S. Conaway