Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB): Trout Lake Active
USGS initiated the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program to understand the processes controlling water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes over a range of temporal and spatial scales, and the effects of atmospheric and climatic variables. Trout Lake is one of five small, geographically and ecologically diverse watersheds representing a range of hydrologic and climatic conditions.
SITE DESCRIPTION
The Trout Lake WEBB site is in the Northern Highland area of north-central Wisconsin. The site includes five open lakes and two bog lakes. It is also the site of the NSF-sponsored North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (NTL/LTER) project, which has been ongoing since 1980 under the direction of the Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The WEBB hydrologic and biogeochemical research in the LTER lake watersheds complements the ecological research conducted at the NTL/LTER, which is focused on in-lake processes. In this sparsely populated area, many lakes have totally forested watersheds and no private frontage.
Geologic features of the area are dominated by a sandy outwash plain consisting of 30 to 50 meters of unconsolidated sand and coarser till overlying Precambrian igneous bedrock. The predominant soils are thin forest soils with high organic content in the uppermost horizon. The site is representative of the glacial lake districts common to the upper Midwest and Canada, but certain individual characteristics distinguish it from other nearby lake areas. Among the most important of these characteristics is glacial drift that is virtually carbonate free; as a result, the ground-water chemistry is almost entirely controlled by silicate hydrolysis.
Most of the lakes in the Northern Highland area are seepage lakes--they have no surface-water inlets or outlets. Water budgets are thus dominated by direct precipitation, ground-water flow, and evapotranspiration. The seven study lakes, four of which are seepage lakes, are all in the same ground-water-flow system. Lakes in topographic highs, such as the two bog lakes and Crystal Lake, receive little ground-water flow and no streamflow and have water with low ionic concentrations (10 to 20 microSiemens per centimeter, mS/cm). Lakes in topographic lows, such as Trout Lake, are dominated by ground-water and stream inputs and have water with higher ionic concentrations (70 to 90 mS/cm). Although linked by a common ground-water-flow system and similar climate, the lakes represent a broad range of size, morphometry, habitat, thermal features, chemistry, biological productivity, and species composition.
RESEARCH AREAS
Rainfall, Streamflow, and Recharge Processes
Objectives:
- Investigate the processes controlling streamflow generation in response to rainfall for low-relief hydrologic settings.
- Investigate the processes that lead to ground-water recharge in the TL basin.
- Develop appropriate predictive capabilities for the identified streamflow-generation and ground-water-recharge processes.
- Investigate the implications of increases in spatial and temporal scale on the predictive capabilities.
Approach:
- Use stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium) to identify streamflow-generation mechanisms by examining the isotopic evolution of water as in moves through the hydrologic system. Three detailed hillslope sites along Allequash Creek are instrumented with nested piezometers, lysimeters and bulk rainfall and throughfall collectors.
Groundwater/Surface Water Interactions
Objectives:
- Determine the water and solute yields for the Trout Lake Basin and determine the relative importance of streamflow to the water and solute budgets for Trout Lake.
- Identify the geochemical processes that control the flux of major chemical species (such as nitrogen and sulfur species) at the aquifer-lake and aquifer-stream interfaces, and the temporal and spatial variability of these processes.
Approach:
- Streams tributary to Trout Lake are sampled periodically to allow the computation of solute fluxes from streams into and out of Trout Lake. The samples are analyzed for nutrients and major ions. The importance of surface-water sources to the complete hydrologic and chemical budget of Trout Lake is being determined from the estimated surface-water fluxes and the existing NTL/LTER data base.
- Processes that control the mass flux of chemical species across the stream interface are being identified by means of fine-scale sampling (that is, less than 1 centimeter, cm). The samples are collected at various times of the year at two locations along Allequash Creek. Samples are also collected periodically from a detailed transect along Allequash Creek to determine larger-scale variations.
Carbon Flux Processes
Objectives:
- Identify the processes that control the flux of major carbon species (such as dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, carbon dioxide and methane) within the Allequash Creek watershed, and the temporal and spatial variability of these processes.
Approach:
- Carbon fluxes are being estimated through periodoc sampling of various system components (see carbon flux schematic for details), and measured directly for soil effux using soil chambers. A variety of land cover and slope/aspect combinations are being sampled to help pinpoint the spatial variability.
Below are publications associated with this project.
Sources and yields of dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of Peatland
The hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream
Improving a complex finite-difference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening model
Kinetic and mineralogic controls on the evolution of groundwater chemistry and 87Sr/86Sr in a sandy silicate aquifer, northern Wisconsin, USA
Mercury cycling in the Allequash Creek watershed, northern Wisconsin
Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the Northern Temperate Lakes site in north-central Wisconsin
Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. The stable isotope mass balance method
Estimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 2. Calibration of a three-dimensional, solute transport model to a stable isotope plume
Below are news stories associated with this project.
Below are partners associated with this project.
- Overview
USGS initiated the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program to understand the processes controlling water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes over a range of temporal and spatial scales, and the effects of atmospheric and climatic variables. Trout Lake is one of five small, geographically and ecologically diverse watersheds representing a range of hydrologic and climatic conditions.
SITE DESCRIPTION
The Trout Lake WEBB site is in the Northern Highland area of north-central Wisconsin. The site includes five open lakes and two bog lakes. It is also the site of the NSF-sponsored North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (NTL/LTER) project, which has been ongoing since 1980 under the direction of the Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. The WEBB hydrologic and biogeochemical research in the LTER lake watersheds complements the ecological research conducted at the NTL/LTER, which is focused on in-lake processes. In this sparsely populated area, many lakes have totally forested watersheds and no private frontage.
Geologic features of the area are dominated by a sandy outwash plain consisting of 30 to 50 meters of unconsolidated sand and coarser till overlying Precambrian igneous bedrock. The predominant soils are thin forest soils with high organic content in the uppermost horizon. The site is representative of the glacial lake districts common to the upper Midwest and Canada, but certain individual characteristics distinguish it from other nearby lake areas. Among the most important of these characteristics is glacial drift that is virtually carbonate free; as a result, the ground-water chemistry is almost entirely controlled by silicate hydrolysis.
Most of the lakes in the Northern Highland area are seepage lakes--they have no surface-water inlets or outlets. Water budgets are thus dominated by direct precipitation, ground-water flow, and evapotranspiration. The seven study lakes, four of which are seepage lakes, are all in the same ground-water-flow system. Lakes in topographic highs, such as the two bog lakes and Crystal Lake, receive little ground-water flow and no streamflow and have water with low ionic concentrations (10 to 20 microSiemens per centimeter, mS/cm). Lakes in topographic lows, such as Trout Lake, are dominated by ground-water and stream inputs and have water with higher ionic concentrations (70 to 90 mS/cm). Although linked by a common ground-water-flow system and similar climate, the lakes represent a broad range of size, morphometry, habitat, thermal features, chemistry, biological productivity, and species composition.
RESEARCH AREAS
Rainfall, Streamflow, and Recharge Processes
Objectives:
- Investigate the processes controlling streamflow generation in response to rainfall for low-relief hydrologic settings.
- Investigate the processes that lead to ground-water recharge in the TL basin.
- Develop appropriate predictive capabilities for the identified streamflow-generation and ground-water-recharge processes.
- Investigate the implications of increases in spatial and temporal scale on the predictive capabilities.
Approach:
- Use stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium) to identify streamflow-generation mechanisms by examining the isotopic evolution of water as in moves through the hydrologic system. Three detailed hillslope sites along Allequash Creek are instrumented with nested piezometers, lysimeters and bulk rainfall and throughfall collectors.
Groundwater/Surface Water Interactions
Objectives:
- Determine the water and solute yields for the Trout Lake Basin and determine the relative importance of streamflow to the water and solute budgets for Trout Lake.
- Identify the geochemical processes that control the flux of major chemical species (such as nitrogen and sulfur species) at the aquifer-lake and aquifer-stream interfaces, and the temporal and spatial variability of these processes.
Approach:
- Streams tributary to Trout Lake are sampled periodically to allow the computation of solute fluxes from streams into and out of Trout Lake. The samples are analyzed for nutrients and major ions. The importance of surface-water sources to the complete hydrologic and chemical budget of Trout Lake is being determined from the estimated surface-water fluxes and the existing NTL/LTER data base.
- Processes that control the mass flux of chemical species across the stream interface are being identified by means of fine-scale sampling (that is, less than 1 centimeter, cm). The samples are collected at various times of the year at two locations along Allequash Creek. Samples are also collected periodically from a detailed transect along Allequash Creek to determine larger-scale variations.
Carbon Flux Processes
Objectives:
- Identify the processes that control the flux of major carbon species (such as dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, carbon dioxide and methane) within the Allequash Creek watershed, and the temporal and spatial variability of these processes.
Approach:
- Carbon fluxes are being estimated through periodoc sampling of various system components (see carbon flux schematic for details), and measured directly for soil effux using soil chambers. A variety of land cover and slope/aspect combinations are being sampled to help pinpoint the spatial variability.
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project.
Filter Total Items: 32Sources and yields of dissolved carbon in northern Wisconsin stream catchments with differing amounts of Peatland
In five tributary streams (four inflowing and one outflowing) of 1600-ha Trout Lake in northern Wisconsin, USA, we examined factors that can affect the magnitude of stream flow and transport of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) through the streams to the lake. One catchment, the Allequash Creek basin, was investigated in more detail to describe the dynamics of carbon flow and toAuthorsJohn F. Elder, Nancy B. Rybicki, Virginia Carter, Victoria WeintraubThe hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream
The objective of this study was to examine chemical changes in porewaters that occur over small scales (cm) as groundwater flows through the hyporheic zone and discharges to a stream in a temperate forest of northern Wisconsin. Hyporheic-zone porewaters were sampled at discrete depths of 2, 10, 15, 61, and 183 cm at three study sites in the study basin. Chemical profiles of dissolved organic carboAuthorsJ.E. Schindler, D. P. KrabbenhoftImproving a complex finite-difference ground water flow model through the use of an analytic element screening model
This paper demonstrates that analytic element models have potential as powerful screening tools that can facilitate or improve calibration of more complicated finite-difference and finite-element models. We demonstrate how a two-dimensional analytic element model was used to identify errors in a complex three-dimensional finite-difference model caused by incorrect specification of boundary conditiAuthorsR. J. Hunt, M.P. Anderson, V. A. KelsonKinetic and mineralogic controls on the evolution of groundwater chemistry and 87Sr/86Sr in a sandy silicate aquifer, northern Wisconsin, USA
Substantial flowpath-related variability of 87Sr/86Sr is observed in groundwaters collected from the Trout Lake watershed of northern Wisconsin. In the extensive shallow aquifer composed of sandy glacial outwash, groundwater is recharged either by seepage from lakes or by precipitation that infiltrates the inter-lake uplands. 87Sr/86Sr of groundwater derived mainly as seepage from a precipitation-AuthorsT.D. Bullen, D. P. Krabbenhoft, C. KendallMercury cycling in the Allequash Creek watershed, northern Wisconsin
Although there have been recent significant gains in our understanding of mercury (Hg) cycling in aquatic environments, few studies have addressed Hg cycling on a watershed scale in particular, attention to Hg species transfer between watershed components (upland soils, groundwater, wetlands, streams, and lakes) has been lacking. This study describes spatial and temporal distributions of total HgAuthorsD. P. Krabbenhoft, J.M. Benoit, Christopher L. Babiarz, J.P. Hurley, A.W. AndrenWater, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the Northern Temperate Lakes site in north-central Wisconsin
More than three thousand kettle lakes, widely dispersed within a mixed temperate forest ecosystem, are predominant features of the Northern Highland area of north-central Wisconsin. A hydrological and biogeochemical investigation of seven of these lakes and their watershed area is currently in progress as part of the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program of the U.S. Geological SAuthorsJohn F. Elder, David P. Krabbenhoft, John F. WalkerEstimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 1. The stable isotope mass balance method
Groundwater inflow and outflow contributions to the hydrologic budget of lakes can be determined using a stable isotope (18O/16O) mass balance method. The stable isotope method provides a way of integrating the spatial and temporal complexities of the flow field around a lake, thereby offering an appealing alternative to the traditional time and labor intensive methods using seepage meters and anAuthorsDavid P. Krabbenhoft, Carl J. Bowser, Mary P. Anderson, John W. ValleyEstimating groundwater exchange with lakes: 2. Calibration of a three-dimensional, solute transport model to a stable isotope plume
A three-dimensional groundwater flow and solute transport model was calibrated to a plume of water described by measurements of δ18O and used to calculate groundwater inflow and outflow rates at a lake in northern Wisconsin. The flow model was calibrated to observed hydraulic gradients and estimated recharge rates. Calibration of the solute transport submodel to the configuration of a stable isotoAuthorsDavid P. Krabbenhoft, Mary P. Anderson, Carl J. Bowser - News
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- Partners
Below are partners associated with this project.