Marine terrace soil at Wilder Ranch State Park near Santa Cruz, California. Here at the bottom of the pit, 64 inches (160cm), the colors have different mineralogy and chemistry from one another, these changes have been formed by root processes over 90,000 years of soil development.
Biogeochemistry of the Critical Zone: Origin and Fate of Organic Matter Active
By Climate Research and Development Program
December 4, 2018
Changing temperature, precipitation, and land use intensification has resulted in global soil degradation. The accompanying loss of soil organic matter (SOM) decreases important soil health services. Soil organic matter is a major global pool of carbon; if SOM can be increased, soils can mitigate elevated atmospheric CO2. However, there are major knowledge gaps in SOM persistence. This project looks to understand the processes that create SOM and to discover how SOM could persist for millennia.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Statement of Purpose: The processes of the critical zone sustain all life on earth. The critical zone is the earth’s outer skin, extending from the top of the trees to the bottom of groundwater. Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and move carbon to the soil either through litter falling to the soil surface or through root processes, which inject organic compounds directly into the soil in the rooting zone.
This research investigates SOM; how it reacts with minerals, moves with soil water, how microorganisms process SOM, and how SOM glues mineral phases together. These processes all affect what happens to carbon in soils. Microbes (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) change the quality of the SOM by metabolizing SOM and creating microbial biomass. This research investigates microbial processes and how microbes inhabit soil minerals, which in turn affects how SOM is retained across millennia.
Why this Research is Important: Characterization of SOM under changing land use (e.g. restoration), soils of different ages (e.g. chronosequences), and changing ecosystems (e.g. different precipitation) will guide us toward best practices for long term SOM retention. This research has the potential to point to new and enduring pathways for accumulating carbon in soils, which has ramifications for future climate change.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Objective(s): This project seeks to resolve several important issues;
- Do soil minerals control the potential for SOM accumulation?
- How important are root processes in SOM and secondary mineral formation in the sub-surface?
- Under what conditions does microbial cycling of SOM lead to its persistence?
- How does drought and rewetting affect the vulnerability of SOM to loss?
- What processes drive microbial assemblages and carbon deposition on mineral surfaces?
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media Details
Methods: This project uses a variety of methods that interrogate SOM over many spatial and temporal scales: regionally across gradients of temperature and precipitation, at the landscape level (km) across gradients of soil age (12,000 to 225,000 years), at sampling sites (meters) in soil pits to examine soil development (cm) and characterize short-term (days to years) microbial processes, down to the sub-micron scale to characterize SOM-mineral connections with electron microscopy and characterization of microbial communities through DNA-based analyses.
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Drivers of Ecosystem Recovery on Santa Rosa Island
The Channel Islands were used as ranches for almost 150 years. Sheep, cattle, pigs and other livestock grazed on native perennial scrub, leaving behind barren landscapes that could not collect moisture from coastal fog. In time, ranching ended and livestock were removed. WERC’s Dr. Kathryn McEachern is monitoring habitat recovery and testing the efficacy of restoration practices on the islands for...
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Marine Terrace Soil at Wilder Ranch State Park
Marine terrace soil at Wilder Ranch State Park near Santa Cruz, California. Here at the bottom of the pit, 64 inches (160cm), the colors have different mineralogy and chemistry from one another, these changes have been formed by root processes over 90,000 years of soil development.
USGS Field Crew at Mattole Soil Chronosequence
USGS field crew taking a break in digging soil pits Mattole soil chronosequence.
USGS field crew taking a break in digging soil pits Mattole soil chronosequence.
- Overview
Changing temperature, precipitation, and land use intensification has resulted in global soil degradation. The accompanying loss of soil organic matter (SOM) decreases important soil health services. Soil organic matter is a major global pool of carbon; if SOM can be increased, soils can mitigate elevated atmospheric CO2. However, there are major knowledge gaps in SOM persistence. This project looks to understand the processes that create SOM and to discover how SOM could persist for millennia.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsDigging a soil pit to sample soil organic matter and how it changes over time, Emily Kykker-Snowman (former USGS) and Marjorie Schulz (USGS) at the Mattole soil chronosequence near Petrolia, California. Statement of Purpose: The processes of the critical zone sustain all life on earth. The critical zone is the earth’s outer skin, extending from the top of the trees to the bottom of groundwater. Plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and move carbon to the soil either through litter falling to the soil surface or through root processes, which inject organic compounds directly into the soil in the rooting zone.
This research investigates SOM; how it reacts with minerals, moves with soil water, how microorganisms process SOM, and how SOM glues mineral phases together. These processes all affect what happens to carbon in soils. Microbes (bacteria, archaea, and fungi) change the quality of the SOM by metabolizing SOM and creating microbial biomass. This research investigates microbial processes and how microbes inhabit soil minerals, which in turn affects how SOM is retained across millennia.
Why this Research is Important: Characterization of SOM under changing land use (e.g. restoration), soils of different ages (e.g. chronosequences), and changing ecosystems (e.g. different precipitation) will guide us toward best practices for long term SOM retention. This research has the potential to point to new and enduring pathways for accumulating carbon in soils, which has ramifications for future climate change.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsTo study carbon interaction with soil minerals we use a scanning electron microscope. Here a root remnant persists in soil matrix. Mattole soil chronosequence, Terrace 6, soil depth, 100cm. Objective(s): This project seeks to resolve several important issues;
- Do soil minerals control the potential for SOM accumulation?
- How important are root processes in SOM and secondary mineral formation in the sub-surface?
- Under what conditions does microbial cycling of SOM lead to its persistence?
- How does drought and rewetting affect the vulnerability of SOM to loss?
- What processes drive microbial assemblages and carbon deposition on mineral surfaces?
Sources/Usage: Public Domain. View Media DetailsA soil biofilm imaged with a scanning electron microscope, Mattole soil chronosequence 120 cm soil depth. Methods: This project uses a variety of methods that interrogate SOM over many spatial and temporal scales: regionally across gradients of temperature and precipitation, at the landscape level (km) across gradients of soil age (12,000 to 225,000 years), at sampling sites (meters) in soil pits to examine soil development (cm) and characterize short-term (days to years) microbial processes, down to the sub-micron scale to characterize SOM-mineral connections with electron microscopy and characterization of microbial communities through DNA-based analyses.
- Science
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Drivers of Ecosystem Recovery on Santa Rosa Island
The Channel Islands were used as ranches for almost 150 years. Sheep, cattle, pigs and other livestock grazed on native perennial scrub, leaving behind barren landscapes that could not collect moisture from coastal fog. In time, ranching ended and livestock were removed. WERC’s Dr. Kathryn McEachern is monitoring habitat recovery and testing the efficacy of restoration practices on the islands for... - Multimedia
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Marine Terrace Soil at Wilder Ranch State ParkMarine terrace soil at Wilder Ranch State Park near Santa Cruz, California. Here at the bottom of the pit, 64 inches (160cm), the colors have different mineralogy and chemistry from one another, these changes have been formed by root processes over 90,000 years of soil development.
Marine terrace soil at Wilder Ranch State Park near Santa Cruz, California. Here at the bottom of the pit, 64 inches (160cm), the colors have different mineralogy and chemistry from one another, these changes have been formed by root processes over 90,000 years of soil development.
USGS Field Crew at Mattole Soil ChronosequenceUSGS field crew taking a break in digging soil pits Mattole soil chronosequence.
USGS field crew taking a break in digging soil pits Mattole soil chronosequence.
- Publications