Climate Change, Hydrologic Responses and Impacts on Carbon Cycling as Inferred by Changes in Fluvial Dissolved Organic Carbon Fluxes Active
This project investigates the links between terrestrial and marine carbon cycling and fluvial transport of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the near-coastal ocean. The project analyzes DOC export that integrates complex interacting processes in natural and human-impacted terrestrial and aquatic environments. Changes in DOC export may indicate changes in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling that are difficult to quantify directly but that may affect exchanges between the biosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere. Detecting changes in DOC export can provide insight into ongoing changes in terrestrial carbon cycling. In northern temperate forested ecosystems changes in carbon export may reflect a shift from carbon sink to carbon source or vice versa. Changes in freshwater and carbon export can influence aquatic and marine biogeochemical processes including eutrophication, hypoxia, carbon sequestration or release, ocean acidification, and ocean net primary productivity. This project examines the controls on the fluvial export of terrestrially-derived DOC including climatic variability and landscape variables.
Statement of Problem: This project is studying how ongoing and projected changes in climate are, or will likely, affect the export of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the near-coastal ocean. This project is also examining the fate of DOC in rivers to address questions of whether DOC is transported conservatively or whether a substantial fraction of DOC is lost through biotic or abiotic processes during transport in rivers. Additionally, it is investigating whether concentration discharge (C-Q) relations for DOC may have changed over time that could indicate that the fundamental C-Q relation, that is generally assumed to be stationary, has changed.
Why this Research is Important: The evidence suggests that the global hydrologic cycle is intensifying (Huntington, 2006, 2010). The intensity of the water cycle increased over most of the conterminous United States between the periods 1945 to 1974 and 1985 to 2014 (Figure 1, Huntington and others, 2018). In the northeastern U.S. this hydrologic response to climate change includes an increase in precipitation and runoff and is projected to result in substantial changes in the seasonal delivery of water and organic carbon to the near-coastal ocean, and to an increase in summer drought severity. These hydrologic changes are altering the timing and magnitude of the delivery of DOC to the Gulf of Maine. Evidence suggests that increasing discharge is affecting nutrient inputs to the Gulf of Maine and that increasing export of DOC may be reducing light absorption by phytoplankton reducing primary productivity that could ultimately affect fisheries in the region. There are also concerns that increasing export of freshwater and DOC may be exacerbating ongoing ocean acidification and the harmful algal blooms (Figure 2).
If it is shown that the concentration discharge relations for DOC has changed over time this would indicate fundamental changes in carbon cycle processes including rates of microbial decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC), primary production, or the partitioning of SOC decomposition into DOC or CO2.
Figure 1:
Objective(s): The project objectives include investigation of the links between terrestrial and marine carbon cycling by studying the fluvial transport of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon. The primary goal is to improve our understanding of how changes in climate are affecting the export of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon to the near-coastal ocean.
Methods: The project uses non-parametric time-series analysis to investigate historical and future projected trends in precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration over large watershed at the regional and continental scale. Through a partnership with other USGS researchers (Greg McCabe, Dave Wolock, and Peter Weiskel) this project employs a water-balance model in conjunction with climate and soils data to investigate historical changes in water cycle intensity defined as precipitation plus actual evapotranspiration.
This project employs the LOADEST regression model to estimate riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes (loads) exported to the near coastal ocean. Regression modeling is also used to study the relative importance of climate and landscape variables in controlling the carbon yield from individual rivers. In partnership with research scientists at the University of Massachusetts, Boston this project is studying DOC export from the Penobscot River using the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) model.
Figure 2:
Below are publications associated with this project in the USGS pubs warehouse:
Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment
Changing climate, changing forests: the impacts of climate change on forests of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada
State of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century : glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments: Chapter A in Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world
Identifying fluorescent pulp mill effluent in the Gulf of Maine and its watershed
Step-changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine, as documented by the GNATS time series
Climate warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle: A review of the published record and assessment of the potential impacts on agriculture
Analysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations
- Overview
This project investigates the links between terrestrial and marine carbon cycling and fluvial transport of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the near-coastal ocean. The project analyzes DOC export that integrates complex interacting processes in natural and human-impacted terrestrial and aquatic environments. Changes in DOC export may indicate changes in terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling that are difficult to quantify directly but that may affect exchanges between the biosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere. Detecting changes in DOC export can provide insight into ongoing changes in terrestrial carbon cycling. In northern temperate forested ecosystems changes in carbon export may reflect a shift from carbon sink to carbon source or vice versa. Changes in freshwater and carbon export can influence aquatic and marine biogeochemical processes including eutrophication, hypoxia, carbon sequestration or release, ocean acidification, and ocean net primary productivity. This project examines the controls on the fluvial export of terrestrially-derived DOC including climatic variability and landscape variables.
Statement of Problem: This project is studying how ongoing and projected changes in climate are, or will likely, affect the export of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the near-coastal ocean. This project is also examining the fate of DOC in rivers to address questions of whether DOC is transported conservatively or whether a substantial fraction of DOC is lost through biotic or abiotic processes during transport in rivers. Additionally, it is investigating whether concentration discharge (C-Q) relations for DOC may have changed over time that could indicate that the fundamental C-Q relation, that is generally assumed to be stationary, has changed.
Why this Research is Important: The evidence suggests that the global hydrologic cycle is intensifying (Huntington, 2006, 2010). The intensity of the water cycle increased over most of the conterminous United States between the periods 1945 to 1974 and 1985 to 2014 (Figure 1, Huntington and others, 2018). In the northeastern U.S. this hydrologic response to climate change includes an increase in precipitation and runoff and is projected to result in substantial changes in the seasonal delivery of water and organic carbon to the near-coastal ocean, and to an increase in summer drought severity. These hydrologic changes are altering the timing and magnitude of the delivery of DOC to the Gulf of Maine. Evidence suggests that increasing discharge is affecting nutrient inputs to the Gulf of Maine and that increasing export of DOC may be reducing light absorption by phytoplankton reducing primary productivity that could ultimately affect fisheries in the region. There are also concerns that increasing export of freshwater and DOC may be exacerbating ongoing ocean acidification and the harmful algal blooms (Figure 2).
If it is shown that the concentration discharge relations for DOC has changed over time this would indicate fundamental changes in carbon cycle processes including rates of microbial decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC), primary production, or the partitioning of SOC decomposition into DOC or CO2.
Figure 1:
Objective(s): The project objectives include investigation of the links between terrestrial and marine carbon cycling by studying the fluvial transport of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon. The primary goal is to improve our understanding of how changes in climate are affecting the export of freshwater and dissolved organic carbon to the near-coastal ocean.
Methods: The project uses non-parametric time-series analysis to investigate historical and future projected trends in precipitation, runoff, and evapotranspiration over large watershed at the regional and continental scale. Through a partnership with other USGS researchers (Greg McCabe, Dave Wolock, and Peter Weiskel) this project employs a water-balance model in conjunction with climate and soils data to investigate historical changes in water cycle intensity defined as precipitation plus actual evapotranspiration.
This project employs the LOADEST regression model to estimate riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes (loads) exported to the near coastal ocean. Regression modeling is also used to study the relative importance of climate and landscape variables in controlling the carbon yield from individual rivers. In partnership with research scientists at the University of Massachusetts, Boston this project is studying DOC export from the Penobscot River using the Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System (RHESSys) model.
Figure 2:
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project in the USGS pubs warehouse:
Filter Total Items: 19Coastal impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilities: a technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment
The coast has long provided communities with a multitude of benefits including an abundance of natural resources that sustain economies, societies, and ecosystems. Coasts provide natural harbors for commerce, trade, and transportation; beaches and shorelines that attract residents and tourists; and wetlands and estuaries that are critical for fisheries and water resources. Coastal ecosystems prAuthorsVirginia Burkett, Margaret DavidsonChanging climate, changing forests: the impacts of climate change on forests of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada
Decades of study on climatic change and its direct and indirect effects on forest ecosystems provide important insights for forest science, management, and policy. A synthesis of recent research from the northeastern United States and eastern Canada shows that the climate of the region has become warmer and wetter over the past 100 years and that there are more extreme precipitation events. GreateAuthorsLindsey Rustad, John Campbell, Jeffrey S. Dukes, Thomas Huntington, Kathy Fallon Lambert, Jacqueline Mohan, Nicholas RodenhouseState of the Earth’s cryosphere at the beginning of the 21st century : glaciers, global snow cover, floating ice, and permafrost and periglacial environments: Chapter A in Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world
This chapter is the tenth in a series of 11 book-length chapters, collectively referred to as “this volume,” in the series U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386, Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World. In the other 10 chapters, each of which concerns a specific glacierized region of Earth, the authors used remotely sensed images, primarily from the Landsat 1, 2, and 3 series of spAuthorsRichard S. Williams, Jane G. FerrignoIdentifying fluorescent pulp mill effluent in the Gulf of Maine and its watershed
Using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) we characterized and modeled the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in samples from the Penobscot River, Androscoggin River, Penobscot Bay, and the Gulf of Maine (GoM). We analyzed excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) using an existing PARAFAC model (Cory and McKnight, 2005) and created a system-specific mAuthorsKaelin M. Cawley, Kenna D. Butler, George R. Aiken, Laurel G. Larsen, Thomas G. Huntington, Diane M. McKnightStep-changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine, as documented by the GNATS time series
We identify step-changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Gulf of Maine (GoM) using the Gulf of Maine North Atlantic Time Series (GNATS), a series of oceanographic measurements obtained between September 1998 and December 2010 along a transect in the GoM running from Portland, ME, to Yarmouth, NS. GNATS sampled a period of extremes in precipitation and river dischargAuthorsWilliam M. Balch, D.T. Drapeau, B.C. Bowler, Thomas G. HuntingtonClimate warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle: A review of the published record and assessment of the potential impacts on agriculture
Climate warming is expected to intensify and accelerate the global hydrologic cycle resulting in increases in evaporation, evapotranspiration (ET), atmospheric water-vapor content, and precipitation. The strength of the hydrologic response, or sensitivity of the response for a given degree of warming, is a critical outstanding question in climatology and hydrology. In this review chapter, I examinAuthorsThomas G. HuntingtonAnalysis of the Arctic system for freshwater cycle intensification: Observations and expectations
Hydrologic cycle intensification is an expected manifestation of a warming climate. Although positive trends in several global average quantities have been reported, no previous studies have documented broad intensification across elements of the Arctic freshwater cycle (FWC). In this study, the authors examine the character and quantitative significance of changes in annual precipitation, evapotrAuthorsM.A. Rawlins, M. Steele, M.M. Holland, J.C. Adam, J.E. Cherry, J.A. Francis, P.Y. Groisman, L. D. Hinzman, T.G. Huntington, D.L. Kane, J.S. Kimball, R. Kwok, R.B. Lammers, C.M. Lee, D.P. Lettenmaier, K.C. McDonald, E. Podest, J.W. Pundsack, B. Rudels, Mark C. Serreze, A. Shiklomanov, O. Skagseth, T.J. Troy, C. J. Vorosmarty, M. Wensnahan, E.F. Wood, R. Woodgate, D. Yang, K. Zhang, T. Zhang