Seasonal and annual survival of acoustically tagged juvenile Gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River, Florida, USA

Gulf sturgeon Acipenser desotoi are anadromous fish that have undergone major population declines throughout their range. Habitat alteration and previous overharvest in commercial fisheries led to the species being listed as ‘threatened’ under the US Endangered Species Act in 1991. An accurate understanding of population dynamics, including survival, is necessary for monitoring population trends and recovery. Juvenile Gulf sturgeon are migratory within their natal river system; their survival is not well-studied, but their over-winter occupation of more saline habitat has been identified as a potential bottleneck to juvenile survival. Therefore, we estimated over-winter and annual survival of juvenile Gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River system (Florida, USA) using Cormack-Jolly-Seber models informed by acoustic telemetry data from 2014-2023. Seasonal apparent survival estimates ranged from 0.96 in the fall to 0.99 in the spring. Contrary to our expectation, results indicated that survival was high across all seasons with no notable difference in over-winter survival compared to other periods. We also estimated apparent annual survival to be 0.76 for juvenile Gulf sturgeon in the system. These findings suggest that over-winter juvenile mortality is not a major bottleneck to Gulf sturgeon population recovery within the Apalachicola River.