Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team Active
The Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST) is an interdisciplinary group of scientists and biologists responsible for long-term monitoring and research efforts on grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). The team was formed by the Department of the Interior (DOI) in 1973 as a direct result of controversy surrounding the closure of open pit garbage dumps within Yellowstone National Park during 1968-72. IGBST members are representatives from the U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribal Fish and Game Department, and the States of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. This interagency approach ensures consistency in data collection and allows for combining limited resources to address information needs throughout the GYE.
The IGBST Leader serves as a technical and science advisor to the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee and its Yellowstone Ecosystem Subcommittee, but is not a voting member of the committees.
The main objectives of the team are to 1) monitor the status and trend of the grizzly bear population in the GYE and 2) determine patterns of habitat use by bears and the relationship of land management activities to the welfare of the bear population. To meet these objectives, the team focuses on three main research areas.
Unique Females with Cubs-of-the-Year
Adult females are the most important demographic segment of the grizzly bear populations because they are the reproductive engine. Adult females with cubs-of-the-year (cubs) are the most easily and reliably recognized cohort of grizzly bear populations. Consequently females with cubs are a major focus of IGBST’s monitoring program in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). Tracking trend for this segment of the population is generally representative of the trend for entire population. Thus, if we observe growth in numbers of female with cubs, we can be reasonably sure the entire population is growing. Efforts by IGBST to document the abundance and distribution of females with cubs began in 1973 and have improved over time by implementing standardized protocols and new statistical procedures. During the past 10 years (2006-2015), IGBST has estimated an average of 56 unique females with cubs annually. When combined with other data, these estimates serve as the basis for estimating total population size. Estimates of total population size are used by IGBST to evaluate annual mortality and to assess whether mortality is sustainable. Sustainable mortality establishes a limit on the number of grizzly deaths that can occur given population objectives. Information from these studies is crucial to evaluate trends in the grizzly bear population and assess the long-term health of the population.
Radio-Collaring Bears
IGBST began radiocollaring grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in 1975. Since then, we have radio-monitored over 830 individuals for varying durations, typically for 2 to 3 years. Over 100 individuals have been monitored during more than 5 different years. Our monitoring program changed in 1986 based on directions from the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee’s Population Task Force. They recommended we maintain and monitor a minimum of 25 radio-collared adult females annually. We also use telemetry to monitor a representative sample of adult males. Data collected from radio-marked bears provide information necessary for tracking key population parameters. By observing radio-collared bears, we document age of first reproduction, average litter size, cub and yearling survival, how often a female produces a litter, and causes of mortality. These data allow us to estimate survival among different sex and age classes of bears. Collectively, this is referred to as “known-fate monitoring”. In conjunction with other estimates (i.e., number of females with cubs, annual mortality), this information is used estimate population size and evaluate sustainable mortality. Location information obtained from collared bears also provides reliable data that helps resource managers focus their activities toward landscape issues that impact grizzly bears in the GYE.
All research animals are handled by following the specific requirements of USGS Animal Care and Use policies.
Whitebark Pine Monitoring
Whitebark pine seeds are a high-calorie food resource available to grizzly bears during late summer and fall. Because whitebark pine is a masting species, cone production is variable, with good crops every 2 to 3 years. Whitebark pine seeds are high in fats and proteins and, when available, allow grizzly bears to build up fat reserves during fall in preparation for hibernation. Grizzly bears harvest these cones by raiding seed caches of red squirrels (middens). Since 1980, we have annually monitored whitebark pine cone production throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) using surveys of established transects. Our data show that mature, cone-producing whitebark pine trees in the GYE have experienced substantial mortality, primarily due to a mountain pine beetle outbreak that started in the early 2000s, but also from white pine blister rust, and fire. IGBST research shows that grizzly bears are adapting to these changes by shifting their diets (see Food Synthesis Report). However, we will continue to monitor this food resource because bears still make extensive use of it in years of good cone production. Click here for IGBST Whitebark Pine Cone Production Annual Summaries.
FOR INFORMATION ABOUT GRIZZLY BEAR MORTALITY, SEE BOTTOM OF PAGE (below "Reports" section).
Direct Links:
Grizzly Bear Mortality Information (See "Grizzly Bear Mortality Information" near bottom of page)
Bear Caused Human Fatalities in the GYE, 1892 - Present
IGBST Grizzly Bear Food Synthesis Report
IGBST Whitebark Pine Cone Production Annual Summaries
Animated image showing grizzly bear range expansion in GYE: 1990-2020
Reports:
A Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Population Monitoring of Grizzly
IGBST Demographic Workshop Report
GRIZZLY BEAR MORTALITY INFORMATION:
Identifying the locations and causes of grizzly bear mortality is a key component in understanding the dynamics of this population. About 85% of all documented bear mortalities are human-caused. Tracking human-caused bear deaths helps define patterns and trends that can direct management programs designed to reduce bear mortality.
1) Documented known and probable grizzly bear mortalities in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem for 2022 can be found in a provisional USGS data release that is updated as grizzly bear mortalities are reported by IGBST member agencies throughout the year. Go to “Attached Files” and download the “GB_Mortality_2022 csv” file, which contains a table with all reported mortalities for the current year.
Important notice: Because the current year’s grizzly bear mortality data are continuously updated and thus subject to revision, they are considered preliminary data by the USGS. Therefore, if these data are used for any purpose, please refer to them as preliminary data (see full data disclaimer under the “Summary” section of the provisional data release). At the end of the calendar year, these data will be compiled, undergo additional review, and added to the existing data release listed below, which contains documented mortality data compiled by the IGBST since 2015. Once the current year’s data are added to the existing data release, they are no longer considered provisional, which will be reflected on this website.
2) Documented known and probable grizzly bear mortalities in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem during 2015-2021 can be found in a USGS data release.
3) 2009-2014 grizzly bear mortality tables can be found in IGBST Annual Reports of the same years.
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
The IGBST has been capturing and radiocollaring grizzly bears since 1975. Data collected from marked bears provide the information necessary for tracking key population parameters. This gallery shows the process by which we capture and collar grizzly bears for research purposes. All research animals are handled by following the specific requirements of USGS Animal Care and Use policies.
Animated image showing grizzly bear range expansion in GYE: 1990-2020
Sequential estimates of occupied ranges for grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem during 1990–2020. Range extents are based on methods described in Bjornlie et al. (2014).
IGBST Complete Publications 1974 - 2020
Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka
Grizzly bear population vital rates and trend in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem, Montana
Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States
Impacts of rural development on Yellowstone wildlife: linking grizzly bear Ursus arctos demographics with projected residential growth
Study design and sampling intensity for demographic analyses of bear populations
Cougar survival and source-sink structure on Greater Yellowstone's Northern Range
Genetic analysis of individual origins supports isolation of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Contrasting activity patterns of sympatric and allopatric black and grizzly bears
Observations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears
Evaluation of rules to distinguish unique female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone
Yellowstone grizzly bear investigations: Annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2006
Evaluating estimators for numbers of females with cubs-of-the-year in the Yellowstone grizzly bear population
Current grizzly bear mortality tables are located on the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team main page (Overview tab) under the "Grizzly Bear Mortality Information" section
Below are news stories associated with this project.
In a changing ecosystem, Yellowstone grizzly bears are resilient
BOZEMAN, Mont. — Grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem have been able to gain the body fat they need for hibernation even as population densities have increased and as climate change and human impacts have changed the availability of some foods, according to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey and its partners.
Below are partners associated with this project.
- Overview
The Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST) is an interdisciplinary group of scientists and biologists responsible for long-term monitoring and research efforts on grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). The team was formed by the Department of the Interior (DOI) in 1973 as a direct result of controversy surrounding the closure of open pit garbage dumps within Yellowstone National Park during 1968-72. IGBST members are representatives from the U.S. Geological Survey, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Tribal Fish and Game Department, and the States of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. This interagency approach ensures consistency in data collection and allows for combining limited resources to address information needs throughout the GYE.
The IGBST Leader serves as a technical and science advisor to the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee and its Yellowstone Ecosystem Subcommittee, but is not a voting member of the committees.
The main objectives of the team are to 1) monitor the status and trend of the grizzly bear population in the GYE and 2) determine patterns of habitat use by bears and the relationship of land management activities to the welfare of the bear population. To meet these objectives, the team focuses on three main research areas.
Sources/Usage: Some content may have restrictions. View Media DetailsUnique Females with Cubs-of-the-Year
Adult females are the most important demographic segment of the grizzly bear populations because they are the reproductive engine. Adult females with cubs-of-the-year (cubs) are the most easily and reliably recognized cohort of grizzly bear populations. Consequently females with cubs are a major focus of IGBST’s monitoring program in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). Tracking trend for this segment of the population is generally representative of the trend for entire population. Thus, if we observe growth in numbers of female with cubs, we can be reasonably sure the entire population is growing. Efforts by IGBST to document the abundance and distribution of females with cubs began in 1973 and have improved over time by implementing standardized protocols and new statistical procedures. During the past 10 years (2006-2015), IGBST has estimated an average of 56 unique females with cubs annually. When combined with other data, these estimates serve as the basis for estimating total population size. Estimates of total population size are used by IGBST to evaluate annual mortality and to assess whether mortality is sustainable. Sustainable mortality establishes a limit on the number of grizzly deaths that can occur given population objectives. Information from these studies is crucial to evaluate trends in the grizzly bear population and assess the long-term health of the population.
Radio-Collaring Bears
IGBST began radiocollaring grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in 1975. Since then, we have radio-monitored over 830 individuals for varying durations, typically for 2 to 3 years. Over 100 individuals have been monitored during more than 5 different years. Our monitoring program changed in 1986 based on directions from the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee’s Population Task Force. They recommended we maintain and monitor a minimum of 25 radio-collared adult females annually. We also use telemetry to monitor a representative sample of adult males. Data collected from radio-marked bears provide information necessary for tracking key population parameters. By observing radio-collared bears, we document age of first reproduction, average litter size, cub and yearling survival, how often a female produces a litter, and causes of mortality. These data allow us to estimate survival among different sex and age classes of bears. Collectively, this is referred to as “known-fate monitoring”. In conjunction with other estimates (i.e., number of females with cubs, annual mortality), this information is used estimate population size and evaluate sustainable mortality. Location information obtained from collared bears also provides reliable data that helps resource managers focus their activities toward landscape issues that impact grizzly bears in the GYE.
All research animals are handled by following the specific requirements of USGS Animal Care and Use policies.
Whitebark Pine Monitoring
Whitebark pine seeds are a high-calorie food resource available to grizzly bears during late summer and fall. Because whitebark pine is a masting species, cone production is variable, with good crops every 2 to 3 years. Whitebark pine seeds are high in fats and proteins and, when available, allow grizzly bears to build up fat reserves during fall in preparation for hibernation. Grizzly bears harvest these cones by raiding seed caches of red squirrels (middens). Since 1980, we have annually monitored whitebark pine cone production throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) using surveys of established transects. Our data show that mature, cone-producing whitebark pine trees in the GYE have experienced substantial mortality, primarily due to a mountain pine beetle outbreak that started in the early 2000s, but also from white pine blister rust, and fire. IGBST research shows that grizzly bears are adapting to these changes by shifting their diets (see Food Synthesis Report). However, we will continue to monitor this food resource because bears still make extensive use of it in years of good cone production. Click here for IGBST Whitebark Pine Cone Production Annual Summaries.
FOR INFORMATION ABOUT GRIZZLY BEAR MORTALITY, SEE BOTTOM OF PAGE (below "Reports" section).
Direct Links:
Grizzly Bear Mortality Information (See "Grizzly Bear Mortality Information" near bottom of page)
Bear Caused Human Fatalities in the GYE, 1892 - Present
IGBST Grizzly Bear Food Synthesis Report
IGBST Whitebark Pine Cone Production Annual Summaries
Animated image showing grizzly bear range expansion in GYE: 1990-2020
Reports:
A Reassessment of Chao2 Estimates for Population Monitoring of Grizzly
IGBST Demographic Workshop Report
GRIZZLY BEAR MORTALITY INFORMATION:
Identifying the locations and causes of grizzly bear mortality is a key component in understanding the dynamics of this population. About 85% of all documented bear mortalities are human-caused. Tracking human-caused bear deaths helps define patterns and trends that can direct management programs designed to reduce bear mortality.
1) Documented known and probable grizzly bear mortalities in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem for 2022 can be found in a provisional USGS data release that is updated as grizzly bear mortalities are reported by IGBST member agencies throughout the year. Go to “Attached Files” and download the “GB_Mortality_2022 csv” file, which contains a table with all reported mortalities for the current year.
Important notice: Because the current year’s grizzly bear mortality data are continuously updated and thus subject to revision, they are considered preliminary data by the USGS. Therefore, if these data are used for any purpose, please refer to them as preliminary data (see full data disclaimer under the “Summary” section of the provisional data release). At the end of the calendar year, these data will be compiled, undergo additional review, and added to the existing data release listed below, which contains documented mortality data compiled by the IGBST since 2015. Once the current year’s data are added to the existing data release, they are no longer considered provisional, which will be reflected on this website.
2) Documented known and probable grizzly bear mortalities in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem during 2015-2021 can be found in a USGS data release.
3) 2009-2014 grizzly bear mortality tables can be found in IGBST Annual Reports of the same years.
- Science
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
- Multimedia
The IGBST has been capturing and radiocollaring grizzly bears since 1975. Data collected from marked bears provide the information necessary for tracking key population parameters. This gallery shows the process by which we capture and collar grizzly bears for research purposes. All research animals are handled by following the specific requirements of USGS Animal Care and Use policies.
Animated image showing grizzly bear range expansion in GYE: 1990-2020
Sequential estimates of occupied ranges for grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem during 1990–2020. Range extents are based on methods described in Bjornlie et al. (2014).
- Publications
IGBST Complete Publications 1974 - 2020
Filter Total Items: 84Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka
Bears are large, charismatic mammals whose presence often garners conservation attention. Because healthy bear populations typically require large, contiguous areas of habitat, land conservation actions often are assumed to benefit co-occurring species, including other mammalian carnivores. However, we are not aware of an empirical test of this assumption. We used remote camera data from 2 nationaAuthorsShyamala Ratnayeke, Frank T. van ManenGrizzly bear population vital rates and trend in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem, Montana
We estimated grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population vital rates and trend for the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem (NCDE), Montana, between 2004 and 2009 by following radio-collared females and observing their fate and reproductive performance. Our estimates of dependent cub and yearling survival were 0.612 (95% CI = 0.300–0.818) and 0.682 (95% CI = 0.258–0.898). Our estimates of subadult andAuthorsR.D. Mace, D.W. Carney, T. Chilton-Radandt, S.A. Courville, M.A. Haroldson, R.B. Harris, J. Jonkel, B. McLellan, M. Madel, T.L. Manley, C.C. Schwartz, C. Servheen, G. Stenhouse, J.S. Waller, E. WenumPopulation fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in Western Canada and the Northern United States
Population fragmentation compromises population viability, reduces a species ability to respond to climate change, and ultimately may reduce biodiversity. We studied the current state and potential causes of fragmentation in grizzly bears over approximately 1,000,000 km 2 of western Canada, the northern United States (US), and southeast Alaska. We compiled much of our data from projects undertakeAuthorsM.F. Proctor, David Paetkau, B. N. McLellan, G.B. Stenhouse, K.C. Kendall, R.D. Mace, W.F. Kasworm, C. Servheen, C.L. Lausen, M.L. Gibeau, W.L. Wakkinen, M.A. Haroldson, G. Mowat, C.D. Apps, L.M. Ciarniello, R.M.R. Barclay, M.S. Boyce, C.C. Schwartz, C. StrobeckImpacts of rural development on Yellowstone wildlife: linking grizzly bear Ursus arctos demographics with projected residential growth
Exurban development is consuming wildlife habitat within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem with potential consequences to the long-term conservation of grizzly bears Ursus arctos. We assessed the impacts of alternative future land-use scenarios by linking an existing regression-based simulation model predicting rural development with a spatially explicit model that predicted bear survival. Using dAuthorsCharles C. Schwartz, Patricia H. Gude, Lisa Landenburger, Mark A. Haroldson, Shannon PodruznyStudy design and sampling intensity for demographic analyses of bear populations
The rate of population change through time (??) is a fundamental element of a wildlife population's conservation status, yet estimating it with acceptable precision for bears is difficult. For studies that follow known (usually marked) bears, ?? can be estimated during some defined time by applying either life-table or matrix projection methods to estimates of individual vital rates. Usually howevAuthorsR.B. Harris, C.C. Schwartz, R.D. Mace, M.A. HaroldsonCougar survival and source-sink structure on Greater Yellowstone's Northern Range
We studied survival and causes of mortality of radiocollared cougars (Puma concolor) on the Greater Yellowstone Northern Range (GYNR) prior to (1987–1994) and after wolf (Canis lupus) reintroduction (1998–2005) and evaluated temporal, spatial, and environmental factors that explain variation in adult, subadult, and kitten survival. Using Program MARK and multimodel inference, we modeled cougar surAuthorsT.K. Ruth, M.A. Haroldson, K.M. Murphy, P.C. Buotte, M.G. Hornocker, H.B. QuigleyGenetic analysis of individual origins supports isolation of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) supports the southernmost of the 2 largest remaining grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations in the contiguous United States. Since the mid-1980s, this population has increased in numbers and expanded in range. However, concerns for its long-term genetic health remain because of its presumed continued isolation. To test the power of genetic methods for detecAuthorsMark A. Haroldson, Charles Schwartz, Katherine C. Kendall, Kerry A. Gunther, David S. Moody, Kevin L. Frey, David PaetkauContrasting activity patterns of sympatric and allopatric black and grizzly bears
The distribution of grizzly (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (U. americanus) overlaps in western North America. Few studies have detailed activity patterns where the species are sympatric and no studies contrasted patterns where populations are both sympatric and allopatric. We contrasted activity patterns for sympatric black and grizzly bears and for black bears allopatric to grizzly bearsAuthorsC.C. Schwartz, S.L. Cain, S. Podruzny, S. Cherry, L. FrattaroliObservations of mixed-aged litters in brown bears
We report on 3 cases of mixed-aged litters (young born in different years) in brown bears (Ursus arctos); in 1 instance the cub-of-the-year (hereafter called cubs) died in the den. Two cases occurred in Sweden after mothers were separated from their young during the breeding season. In one, the mother was separated from the accompanying cub for at least 12.5 hours and possibly up to 3.3 days, andAuthorsJ. E. Swenson, M.A. HaroldsonEvaluation of rules to distinguish unique female grizzly bears with cubs in Yellowstone
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service uses counts of unduplicated female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) with cubs-of-the-year to establish limits of sustainable mortality in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. Sightings are dustered into observations of unique bears based on an empirically derived rule set. The method has never been tested or verified. To evaluate the rule set, we used datAuthorsC.C. Schwartz, M.A. Haroldson, S. Cherry, K.A. KeatingYellowstone grizzly bear investigations: Annual report of the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, 2006
The contents of this Annual Report summarize results of monitoring and research from the 2006 field season. The report also contains a summary of nuisance grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) management actions. The Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team (IGBST) continues to work on issues associated with counts of unduplicated females with cubs-of- the-year (COY). These counts are used to establisEvaluating estimators for numbers of females with cubs-of-the-year in the Yellowstone grizzly bear population
Current management of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) population in Yellowstone National Park and surrounding areas requires annual estimation of the number of adult female bears with cubs-of-the-year. We examined the performance of nine estimators of population size via simulation. Data were simulated using two methods for different combinations of population size, sample size, and coefficient ofAuthorsS. Cherry, G.C. White, K.A. Keating, Mark A. Haroldson, Charles C. Schwartz - Web Tools
Current grizzly bear mortality tables are located on the Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team main page (Overview tab) under the "Grizzly Bear Mortality Information" section
- News
Below are news stories associated with this project.
In a changing ecosystem, Yellowstone grizzly bears are resilient
BOZEMAN, Mont. — Grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem have been able to gain the body fat they need for hibernation even as population densities have increased and as climate change and human impacts have changed the availability of some foods, according to a new study by the U.S. Geological Survey and its partners.
- Partners
Below are partners associated with this project.