Picture of Cape Alava at sunset. Cape Alava is a point of land on the outer coast of the Olympic Peninsula. The cape is situated within Olympic National Park, and the Makah Indian Reservation.
Carla M Conway
Carla is a Biological Science Laboratory Technician (Microbiology) at the Western Fisheries Research Center.
Science and Products
Non-lethal Detection of Skin Injuries in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by Fast Green FCF Dye
Physiological and molecular endpoints observed in juvenile largemouth bass in response to an estrogen (17α-ethinylestradiol) and subsequently a bacterial challenge (Edwardsiella piscicida) exposure under laboratory conditions.
Histological and molecular testing of nuclear inclusion X in Pacific Razor clams from select locations in Washington, USA
Pufferfish mortality data
Picture of Cape Alava at sunset. Cape Alava is a point of land on the outer coast of the Olympic Peninsula. The cape is situated within Olympic National Park, and the Makah Indian Reservation.
Gills from Lost River suckers with a heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp. (arrows). Slide is stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Gills from Lost River suckers with a heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp. (arrows). Slide is stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) for the detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in tissues. Fluorescing R. salmoninarum cells are visible on a slide.
Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) for the detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in tissues. Fluorescing R. salmoninarum cells are visible on a slide.
Figure 1. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye six hours after intentional descaling injury, showing loss of scales and presence of fast green staining. Areas of unintentional integumental injury are also stained (arrows).
Related image Figure 2.
Figure 1. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye six hours after intentional descaling injury, showing loss of scales and presence of fast green staining. Areas of unintentional integumental injury are also stained (arrows).
Related image Figure 2.
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 1 showing epidermal disruption, empty scale pockets and an exposed scale with visible concentric ridges (upper right). Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 1 showing epidermal disruption, empty scale pockets and an exposed scale with visible concentric ridges (upper right). Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 3. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye 96 hours after intentional descaling injury, showing lack of scales, presence of fast green staining in areas of epidermal disruption and absence of staining in areas where migrating epidermal cells have closed the wound.
Figure 3. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye 96 hours after intentional descaling injury, showing lack of scales, presence of fast green staining in areas of epidermal disruption and absence of staining in areas where migrating epidermal cells have closed the wound.
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 3 showing epidermal disruption (arrows), empty scale pockets and restoration of epidermal integrity (asterisk). An exposed scale with visible concentric ridges is visible at the lower center. Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 3 showing epidermal disruption (arrows), empty scale pockets and restoration of epidermal integrity (asterisk). An exposed scale with visible concentric ridges is visible at the lower center. Scale bar = 500 µm.
Temporal, environmental, and demographic correlates of Ichthyophonus sp. infections in mature Pacific herring populations
Exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol results in differential susceptibility of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to bacterial infection
Evaluating the effect of nuclear inclusion X (NIX) infections on Pacific razor clam populations
Disruption of the Francisella noatunensis orientalis pdpA gene results in virulence attenuation and protection in zebrafish
Survival and growth of suckers in mesocosms at three locations within Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2018
Differential susceptibility of Yukon River and Salish Sea stocks of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to ichthyophoniasis
Novel diagnostic tests for the putative agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula)
Consequences of Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV‐1) infections in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), coho salmon (O. kisutch ) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss )
Mortality of endangered juvenile Lost River Suckers associated with cyanobacteria blooms in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Effects of microcystin-LR on juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) during feeding trials, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2014−16
Assessing causes of mortality for endangered juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, 2016
Health and condition of endangered young-of-the-year Lost River and Shortnose suckers relative to water quality in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2014–2015
Science and Products
- Science
Non-lethal Detection of Skin Injuries in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha by Fast Green FCF Dye
In fish, as in humans, an intact epidermis is critical to defense against entry of pathogens into the skin. Macroscopic examination of scale loss is the principal method of evaluating physical damage to juvenile salmonids out-migrating through hydroelectric dams in the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and in fish subjected to capture and handling procedures in locations such as hatcheries, fish bypass... - Data
Physiological and molecular endpoints observed in juvenile largemouth bass in response to an estrogen (17α-ethinylestradiol) and subsequently a bacterial challenge (Edwardsiella piscicida) exposure under laboratory conditions.
Physiological and molecular endpoints observed in juvenile largemouth bass in response to an estrogen (17α-ethinylestradiol) and subsequently a bacterial challenge (Edwardsiella piscicida) exposure under laboratory conditions. Also included are water quality and chemical concentration data.Histological and molecular testing of nuclear inclusion X in Pacific Razor clams from select locations in Washington, USA
Nuclear inclusion X (NIX), the etiological agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula) was associated with host mortality events in coastal Washington, USA during the mid-1980s. Ongoing observations of truncated razor clam size distributions in Kalaloch Beach, Washington raised concerns that NIX continues to impact populations. We conducted a series of spatial and longiPufferfish mortality data
In 2010, a mass mortality of pufferfish in Hawaii was dominated by Arothron hispidus showing aberrant neurological behaviors. Using pathology, toxinology, and field surveys, we implicated a series of novel, polar, marine toxins as a likely cause of this mass mortality. Our findings are striking in that 1) a marine toxin was associated with a kill of a fish species that is, itself, toxic; 2) we - Multimedia
Cape Alava sunset
Picture of Cape Alava at sunset. Cape Alava is a point of land on the outer coast of the Olympic Peninsula. The cape is situated within Olympic National Park, and the Makah Indian Reservation.
Picture of Cape Alava at sunset. Cape Alava is a point of land on the outer coast of the Olympic Peninsula. The cape is situated within Olympic National Park, and the Makah Indian Reservation.
Gills from Lost River Suckers - heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp.Gills from Lost River Suckers - heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp.Gills from Lost River suckers with a heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp. (arrows). Slide is stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Gills from Lost River suckers with a heavy infestation of Ichthyobodo sp. (arrows). Slide is stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
WFRC DFAT for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarumWFRC DFAT for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarumDirect fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) for the detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in tissues. Fluorescing R. salmoninarum cells are visible on a slide.
Direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) for the detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in tissues. Fluorescing R. salmoninarum cells are visible on a slide.
Figure 1. Appearance of Descaling Site Exposed to Fast Green FCF DyeFigure 1. Appearance of Descaling Site Exposed to Fast Green FCF DyeFigure 1. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye six hours after intentional descaling injury, showing loss of scales and presence of fast green staining. Areas of unintentional integumental injury are also stained (arrows).
Related image Figure 2.
Figure 1. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye six hours after intentional descaling injury, showing loss of scales and presence of fast green staining. Areas of unintentional integumental injury are also stained (arrows).
Related image Figure 2.
Figure 2. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Descaling AreaFigure 2. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Descaling AreaFigure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 1 showing epidermal disruption, empty scale pockets and an exposed scale with visible concentric ridges (upper right). Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 1 showing epidermal disruption, empty scale pockets and an exposed scale with visible concentric ridges (upper right). Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 3. Appearance of Descaling Site Exposed to Fast Green FCF DyeFigure 3. Appearance of Descaling Site Exposed to Fast Green FCF DyeFigure 3. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye 96 hours after intentional descaling injury, showing lack of scales, presence of fast green staining in areas of epidermal disruption and absence of staining in areas where migrating epidermal cells have closed the wound.
Figure 3. Appearance of descaling site exposed to fast green FCF dye 96 hours after intentional descaling injury, showing lack of scales, presence of fast green staining in areas of epidermal disruption and absence of staining in areas where migrating epidermal cells have closed the wound.
Figure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Descaling AreaFigure 4. Scanning Electron Micrograph of Descaling AreaFigure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 3 showing epidermal disruption (arrows), empty scale pockets and restoration of epidermal integrity (asterisk). An exposed scale with visible concentric ridges is visible at the lower center. Scale bar = 500 µm.
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of descaling area delimited by box in Figure 3 showing epidermal disruption (arrows), empty scale pockets and restoration of epidermal integrity (asterisk). An exposed scale with visible concentric ridges is visible at the lower center. Scale bar = 500 µm.
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Temporal, environmental, and demographic correlates of Ichthyophonus sp. infections in mature Pacific herring populations
Causes of population collapse and failed recovery often remain enigmatic in marine forage fish like Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) that experience dramatic population oscillations. Diseases such as ichthyophoniasis are hypothesized to contribute to these declines, but lack of long-term datasets frequently prevents inference. Analysis of pathogen surveillance and population assessment datasets sAuthorsMaya Groner, Eliana D. Bravo-Mendosa, Ashley MacKenzie, Jacob L. Gregg, Carla M. Conway, John T. Trochta, Paul HershbergerExposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol results in differential susceptibility of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to bacterial infection
Disease outbreaks, skin lesions, mortality events, and reproductive abnormalities have been observed in wild populations of centrarchids. The presence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDCs) has been implicated as a potential causal factor for these effects. The effects of prior EEDC exposure on immune response were examined in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposedAuthorsJessica Kristin Leet, Justin Greer, Catherine A. Richter, Luke R. Iwanowicz, Edward Spinard, Jacquelyn McDonald, Carla M. Conway, Robert W. Gale, Donald E. Tillitt, John HansenEvaluating the effect of nuclear inclusion X (NIX) infections on Pacific razor clam populations
ABSTRACT: Nuclear inclusion X (NIX), the etiological agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams Siliqua patula, was associated with host mortality events in coastal Washington State, USA, during the mid-1980s. Ongoing observations of truncated razor clam size distributions in Kalaloch Beach, Washington, raised concerns that NIX continues to impact populations. We conducted a series ofAuthorsMaya Groner, Paul Hershberger, Steven C. Fradkin, Carla M. Conway, Aine C. Hawthorn, Maureen K. PurcellDisruption of the Francisella noatunensis orientalis pdpA gene results in virulence attenuation and protection in zebrafish
Several Francisella spp. including F. noatunensis are regarded as important emerging pathogens of wild and farmed fish. However, very few studies have investigated the virulence factors that allow these bacterial species to be pathogenic in fish. The Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI) is a well-described, gene-dense region encoding major virulence factors for the genus Francisella. PdpA is a mAuthorsJohn Hansen, Karina Ray, Po-Jui Chen, Susan Yun, Diane G. Elliott, Carla M. Conway, Michael Culcutt, Maureen K. Purcell, Timothy J Welch, John Patrick Bellah, Ellie Maureen Dalsky, Justin Blaine Greer, Esteban SotoSurvival and growth of suckers in mesocosms at three locations within Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2018
Executive SummaryDue to high mortality in the first year or two of life, Lost River (Deltistes luxatus sp.) and Shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris sp.) in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon rarely reach maturity. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service began the Sucker Assisted Rearing Program (SARP) to improve early life survival before releasing the fish back into Upper Klamath Lake. SurvivaAuthorsSummer M. Burdick, Carla M. Conway, Carl O. Ostberg, Ryan J. Bart, Diane G. ElliottDifferential susceptibility of Yukon River and Salish Sea stocks of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to ichthyophoniasis
Preliminary evidence suggests that Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Yukon River may be more susceptible to Ichthyophonus sp. infections than Chinook from stocks further south. To investigate this hypothesis in a controlled environment, we experimentally challenged juvenile Chinook from the Yukon River and from the Salish Sea with Ichthyophonus sp. and evaluated mortality, infectionAuthorsDiane G. Elliott, Carla M. Conway, Constance L. McKibben, Ashley MacKenzie, Lucas M. Hart, Maya Groner, Maureen K. Purcell, Jacob L. Gregg, Paul HershbergerNovel diagnostic tests for the putative agent of bacterial gill disease in Pacific razor clams (Siliqua patula)
Nuclear inclusion X (NIX) is a gamma proteobacteria that infects the nuclei of gill epithelial cells in Pacific razor clams. NIX has been associated with clam die-offs in coastal Washington. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed to detect NIX in Pacific razor clams, and assay specificity was confirmed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Both tests were applied to evaluate NIX infeAuthorsBrooke A Travis, William N. Batts, Maya Groner, Paul Hershberger, Steven C. Fradkin, Carla M. Conway, Linda Park, Maureen K. PurcellConsequences of Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV‐1) infections in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), coho salmon (O. kisutch ) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss )
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV‐1) is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The virus has also been found in Pacific salmonids in western North America, raising concerns about the risk to native salmon and trout. Here, we report the results of laboratory challenges using juvenile Chinook salmon, coho salmon and rainboAuthorsMaureen K. Purcell, Rachel L. Powers, Torunn Taksdal, Douglas Mckenney, Carla M. Conway, Diane G. Elliott, Mark Polinski, Kyle A. Garver, James WintonMortality of endangered juvenile Lost River Suckers associated with cyanobacteria blooms in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Unsustainably high mortality within the first 2 years of life prevents endangered Lost River Suckers Deltistes luxatus in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, from recruiting to spawning populations. Massive blooms of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae and their subsequent death and decay in the lake (bloom‐crashes) are associated with high pH, low percent oxygen saturation, high total ammonia conAuthorsSummer M. Burdick, Danielle M Hereford, Carla M. Conway, Nathan V Banet, Rachel L. Powers, Barbara A. Martin, Diane G. ElliottEffects of microcystin-LR on juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) during feeding trials, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2014−16
Executive SummaryHistorically, populations of Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) of the Upper Klamath Basin were so numerous that they were commercially harvested; however, declining numbers throughout the 20th century led to the listing of the species under the United States Endangered Species Act in 1988. Habitat destruction, poor water quality, competition with (and predation by) nonnativeAuthorsBarbara A. Martin, Kathy R. Echols, Diane G. Elliott, Kevin Feltz, Carla M. Conway, Summer M. BurdickAssessing causes of mortality for endangered juvenile Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, 2016
Executive SummaryThe recovery of endangered Lost River suckers (Deltistes luxatus) in Upper Klamath Lake, south-central Oregon, has been impeded because juveniles are not recruiting into adult spawning populations. Adult sucker populations spawn each spring but mortality of age-0 suckers during their first summer is excessively high, and recruitment of juveniles into adult populations does not occAuthorsDanielle M. Hereford, Carla M. Conway, Summer M. Burdick, Diane G. Elliott, Todd M. Perry, Amari Dolan-Caret, Alta C. HarrisHealth and condition of endangered young-of-the-year Lost River and Shortnose suckers relative to water quality in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2014–2015
Most mortality of endangered Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) and shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, occurs within the first year of life. Juvenile suckers in Clear Lake Reservoir, California, survive longer and may even recruit to the spawning populations. In a previous (2013–2014) study, the health and condition of juvenile suckers and the dynamics of waterAuthorsSummer M. Burdick, Carla M. Conway, Diane G. Elliott, Marshal S. Hoy, Amari Dolan-Caret, Carl O. Ostberg - News