Carole D. Johnson
Carole Johnson is a hydrologist with the Hydrologic Remote Sensing Branch of the USGS Water Resources Mission Area Observing Systems Division. Carole serves as lead of the Technology Development and Transfer Team and is the manager of the Hydrogeophysics for Hydrologic Science Function, which promotes technology transfer of geophysical methods.
Carole provides leadership to USGS hydrologists nationally on development and application of hydrogeophysical methods to USGS groundwater studies through applied research, training, and policy development. Carole’s research interests include use of borehole- and surface-geophysical methods and hydraulic testing for characterization of fractured-rock aquifers. She has coauthored ~50 USGS publications on use of hydrogeophysical methods for aquifer characterization for water resources and contaminant investigations. An experienced trainer, Carole has taught numerous webinars and more than 20 hands-on workshops for scientists on geophysical field methods, data processing, and data analysis for groundwater investigations, including through USGS courses, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Groundwater Association Fractured Rock Conference workshops, Carole currently holds a professional geologists license in New Hampshire and classes for licensed environmental professionals in New Jersey and around New England.
Education and Certifications
Carole currently holds a professional geologist’s license in New Hampshire.
Science and Products
Fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing: A new tool for assessment and monitoring of hydrologic processes
Cross-borehole flow tests and insights into hydraulic connections in fractured mudstone and sandstone
Marine geophysical investigation of selected sites in Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut, 2006
Borehole geophysical monitoring of amendment emplacement and geochemical changes during vegetable oil biostimulation, Anoka County Riverfront Park, Fridley, Minnesota
Reconnaissance borehole geophysical, geological, and hydrological data from the proposed hydrodynamic compartments of the Culpeper Basin in Loudoun, Prince William, Culpeper, Orange, and Fairfax Counties, Virginia
Use of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 2002
Analysis of borehole-radar reflection data from Machiasport, Maine, December 2003
Borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation of the fractured-rock aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001
Combined use of borehole geophysics and packers to site potable wells in a contaminated area in Montville, Connecticut
Time-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers
Hydraulic logging methods - A summary and field demonstration in Conyers, Rockdale County, Georgia
Detection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar
Science and Products
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Fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing: A new tool for assessment and monitoring of hydrologic processes
Fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing (FO DTS) is an emerging technology for characterizing and monitoring a wide range of important earth processes. FO DTS utilizes laser light to measure temperature along the entire length of standard telecommunications optical fibers. The technology can measure temperature every meter over FO cables up to 30 kilometers (km) long. Commercially available syAuthorsJohn W. Lane, Frederick D. Day-Lewis, Carole D. Johnson, Cian B. Dawson, David L. Nelms, Cheryl A. Eddy-Miller, Jerrod D. Wheeler, Charles F. Harvey, Hanan N. KaramCross-borehole flow tests and insights into hydraulic connections in fractured mudstone and sandstone
Cross-borehole flow tests provided insights into hydraulic connections in fractured and dipping mudstone and sandstone that were consistent with the lithostratigraphic and structural framework of a VOCcontaminated bedrock research site in west-central New Jersey. Two cross-borehole flow tests were completed. Each test involved measurement and analysis of transient flow in a newly installed deep coAuthorsJohn H. Williams, Pierre Lacombe, Carole D. Johnson, Frederick L. PailletMarine geophysical investigation of selected sites in Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut, 2006
A marine geophysical investigation was conducted in 2006 to help characterize the bottom and subbottom materials and extent of bedrock in selected areas of Bridgeport Harbor, Connecticut. The data will be used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the design of confined aquatic disposal (CAD) cells within the harbor to facilitate dredging of the harbor. Three water-based geophysical methods wereAuthorsCarole D. Johnson, Eric A. WhiteBorehole geophysical monitoring of amendment emplacement and geochemical changes during vegetable oil biostimulation, Anoka County Riverfront Park, Fridley, Minnesota
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a series of geophysical investigations to monitor a field-scale biostimulation pilot project at the Anoka County Riverfront Park (ACP), downgradient from the Naval Industrial Reserve Ordnance Plant, in Fridley, Minnesota. The pilot project was undertaken by the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Southern Division, for the purpose of evaluating biAuthorsJohn W. Lane, Frederick D. Day-Lewis, Carole D. Johnson, Peter K. Joesten, Christopher S. KochissReconnaissance borehole geophysical, geological, and hydrological data from the proposed hydrodynamic compartments of the Culpeper Basin in Loudoun, Prince William, Culpeper, Orange, and Fairfax Counties, Virginia
The Culpeper basin is part of a much larger system of ancient depressions or troughs, that lie inboard of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and largely within the Applachian Piedmont Geologic Province of eastern North America, and the transition region with the neighboring Blue Ridge Geologic Province. This basin system formed during an abortive attempt to make a great ocean basin during the Late TriassAuthorsMichael P. Ryan, Herbert A. Pierce, Carole D. Johnson, David M. Sutphin, David L. Daniels, Joseph P. Smoot, John K. Costain, Cahit Coruh, George E. HarlowUse of discrete-zone monitoring systems for hydraulic characterization of a fractured-rock aquifer at the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 1999 to 2002
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the University of Connecticut, used a suite of hydraulic methods to characterize the hydrogeology of a fractured-rock aquifer near the former landfill and chemical-waste disposal pits at the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Multiple methods were used to determine head, driving potential, and transmissivity, including manual open-hole wAuthorsCarole D. Johnson, Christopher S. Kochiss, C. B. DawsonAnalysis of borehole-radar reflection data from Machiasport, Maine, December 2003
In December 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, collected borehole-radar reflection logs in two boreholes in Machiasport, Maine. These bedrock boreholes were drilled as part of a hydrogeologic investigation of the area surrounding the former Air Force Radar Tracking Station site on Howard Mountain near Bucks Harbor. The boreholes, MW09 and MW10,AuthorsCarole D. Johnson, Peter K. JoestenBorehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation of the fractured-rock aquifer near the University of Connecticut Landfill, Storrs, Connecticut, 2000 to 2001
An integrated borehole-geophysical and hydraulic investigation was conducted at the former landfill area near the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut, where solvents and landfill leachate have contaminated a fractured-bedrock aquifer. Borehole-geophysical techniques and hydraulic methods were used to characterize the site bedrock lithology and structure, fractures, and hydraulic propeAuthorsCarole D. Johnson, Peter K. Joesten, Remo A. MondazziCombined use of borehole geophysics and packers to site potable wells in a contaminated area in Montville, Connecticut
A leaking underground gasoline tank contaminated a crystalline bedrock aquifer in Montville, Connecticut, USA with MTBE and benzene. At the original residential bedrock supply wells, the median MTBE concentration was 165 micrograms per liter (mg/L), and the median benzene concentration was 320 mg/L. The maximum concentrations of MTBE and benzene were 4,300 mg/l and 1,700 mg/L, respectively. BecausAuthorsA. Green, John W. Lane, Carole D. Johnson, John H. Williams, Remo A. Mondazzi, Peter K. JoestenTime-series monitoring in fractured-rock aquifers
Time-lapse monitoring of subsurface processes is an emerging and promising area of hydrogeophysics. The combined use of non-invasive or minimally invasive geophysical methods with hydraulic and geochemical sampling is a cost-effective approach for aquifer characterization, long-term aquifer monitoring, and remediation monitoring. Time-lapse geophysical surveys can indirectly measure time-varying hAuthorsCarole D. Johnson, John W. Lane, Frederick D. Day-LewisHydraulic logging methods - A summary and field demonstration in Conyers, Rockdale County, Georgia
Geophysical surveying techniques provide important information for ground-water investigations (Zohdy and others, 1974; Keys, 1997; Haeni and others, 2001). Subsurface-geophysical methods are used to delineate and characterize hydraulically active zones; the extent of contamination, and contaminant sources; identify geologic features; optimize monitoring well placement; and guide remediation efforAuthorsCarole D. Johnson, John H. WilliamsDetection and mapping of fractures and cavities using borehole radar
Borehole radar can be used in a single-hole reflection mode or in a cross-hole tomography mode. In the reflection mode, radar provides an image of discontinuities in the bedrock surrounding a borehole, including bedding planes, lithologic contacts, fractures, and cavities. The measurements are either directional or omni-directional, depending upon the type of equipment and antennas. In the tomograAuthorsF. P. Haeni, Lucien Halleux, Carole D. Johnson, John W. Lane - Software