George Durner, Ph.D. (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 71
Using hair cortisol to assess physiological stress in Alaska polar bears
The concentration of cortisol in hair (HCC) of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) may provide a retrospective view of physiological stress they experience and a link to their response to environmental change. To understand this relationship, we assayed HCC from polar bears captured in the Alaska Beaufort, Bering and Chukchi seas during 1983–1989 and 2004–2016. Cortisol accumulated in hair through summ
Authors
George M. Durner
Analyses on subpopulation abundance and annual number of maternal dens for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the southern Beaufort Sea, Alaska
The long-term persistence of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) is threatened by sea-ice loss due to climate change, which is concurrently providing an opportunity in the Arctic for increased anthropogenic activities including natural resource extraction. Mitigating the risk of those activities, which can adversely affect the population dynamics of the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) subpopulation, is an e
Authors
Todd C. Atwood, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Vijay P. Patil, George M. Durner, David C. Douglas, Kristin S. Simac
Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears
Animal structural body size and condition are often measured to evaluate individual health, identify responses to environmental change and food availability, and relate food availability to effects on reproduction and survival. A variety of condition metrics have been developed but relationships between these metrics and vital rates are rarely validated. Identifying an optimal approach to estimate
Authors
Karyn D. Rode, Todd C. Atwood, Gregory Thiemann, Michelle St. Martin, Ryan H. Wilson, George M. Durner, Eric V. Regehr, Sandra L. Talbot, Kevin Sage, Anthony M. Pagano, Kristin S. Simac
Erratum: Seismic survey design and effects on maternal polar bear dens
Since the publication of this manuscript, readers have noted two errors in our analysis. The first is that we inadvertently stated that the forward looking infrared (FLIR) survey simulations only represented a single FLIR survey. In reality, the analysis assumed two independent FLIR surveys occurred prior to simulated seismic activity occurring. To evaluate the results for a single FLIR survey,
Authors
Ryan H. Wilson, George M. Durner
Catalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018
This report presents data on the approximate locations and methods of discovery of 530 polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal dens observed in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and neighboring areas from 1910 to 2018, and archived partly by the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, and partly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, in Anchorage, Alaska. A description
Authors
George M. Durner, Steven C. Amstrup, Todd C. Atwood, David C. Douglas, Anthony S. Fischbach, Jay W. Olson, Karyn D. Rode, Ryan H. Wilson
The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear
Divergent movement strategies have enabled wildlife populations to adapt to environmental change. In recent decades, the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has developed a divergent movement strategy in response to diminishing sea ice where the majority of the subpopulation (73–85%) stays on the sea ice in summer and the remaining bears move to land. Although decl
Authors
Anthony M. Pagano, Todd C. Atwood, George M. Durner, Terrie M. Williams
Seismic survey design and impacts to maternal polar bear dens
Large‐scale industrial activities can have negative effects on wildlife populations. Some of these effects, however, could be reduced with effective planning prior to development. The Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, in northeastern Alaska, USA, is an important maternal denning area for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Recent legislation has opened the area for potential oil and
Authors
Ryan H. Wilson, George M. Durner
Are polar bear habitat resource selection functions developed from 1985-1996 data still useful?
1. Greenhouse gas-induced warming in the Arctic has caused declines in sea ice extent and changed its composition, raising concerns by all circumpolar nations for polar bear conservation.
2. Negative impacts have been observed in three well-studied polar bear subpopulations. Most subpopulations, however, receive little or no direct monitoring, hence, resource selection functions (RSF) may provide
Authors
George M. Durner, David C. Douglas, Todd C. Atwood
Accounting for phenology in the analysis of animal movement
The analysis of animal tracking data provides important scientific understanding and discovery in ecology. Observations of animal trajectories using telemetry devices provide researchers with information about the way animals interact with their environment and each other. For many species, specific geographical features in the landscape can have a strong effect on behavior. Such features may corr
Authors
Henry R. Scharf, Mevin Hooten, Ryan R. Wilson, George M. Durner, Todd C. Atwood
Heightened immune system function in polar bears using terrestrial habitats
Climate change is altering the distribution of some wildlife species while warming temperatures are facilitating the northward expansion of pathogens, potentially increasing disease risk. Melting of Arctic sea ice is causing polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) to increasingly spend summer on land, where they may encounter novel pathogens. Here, we tested whether SBS po
Authors
John P. Whiteman, Henry J. Harlow, George M. Durner, Eric V. Regehr, Steven C. Amstrup, Merav Ben-David
A comparison of photograph-interpreted and IfSAR-derived maps of polar bear denning habitat for the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Alaska use the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for maternal denning. Pregnant bears den in snow banks for more than 3 months in winter during which they give birth to and nurture young. Denning is one of the most vulnerable times in polar bear life history as the family group cannot simply walk away from a disturbance without jeopardizing survival of newly b
Authors
George M. Durner, Todd C. Atwood
High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear
Regional declines in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations have been attributed to changing sea ice conditions, but with limited information on the causative mechanisms. By simultaneously measuring field metabolic rates, daily activity patterns, body condition, and foraging success of polar bears moving on the spring sea ice, we found that high metabolic rates (1.6 times greater than previously
Authors
Anthony M. Pagano, George M. Durner, Karyn D. Rode, Todd C. Atwood, Stephen N. Atkinson, Elizabeth Peacock, Daniel P. Costa, Megan A. Owen, Terrie M. Williams
Non-USGS Publications**
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2011. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Bear Taxanomic Group Workshop on Ursids in Captivity. American Zoological Society Annual Meeting. Detroit, MI, USA.
Durner, G. M., D. C. Douglas, R. M. Nielson, S. C. Amstrup, and T. L. McDonald. 2007. Predicting the future distribution of Polar Bear Habitat in the polar basin from resource selection functions applied to 21st century general circulation model projections of sea ice. USGS Administrative Report, 61 p. doi:10.3133/70174076
Bergen, S., G. M. Durner, D. C. Douglas, and S. C. Amstrup. 2007. Predicting movements of female polar bears between summer sea ice foraging habitats and terrestrial denning habitats of Alaska in the 21st century: Proposed methodology and pilot assessment. USGS Administrative Report, 24 p.
Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, G. York, E. V. Regehr, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, T. W. Bentzen, K. S. Amstrup, and D. C. Douglas. 2005. Report on research progress in Alaska. Proceedings: 15th Annual meeting of joint commissioners and technical advisors of the Inuvialiut Game Council and North Slope Borough. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, E. V. Regehr, G. W. York, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, and D. C. Douglas. 2004. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. February 2004, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee.
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, G. W. York, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, and D. C. Douglas. 2003. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. February 2003, Edmonton, Alberta. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee.
Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, R. Neilson, and T. L. McDonald. 2003. The use of sea ice habitat by female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 60-61 in Proceedings of the Ninth MMS Information Transfer Meeting. MMS OCS Study 2003-042, 118 p.
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2002. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 109-125 in edited by N. J. Lunn, S. Schliebe and E. W. Born, (eds.), Occasional Paper IUCN Specialists Survey Commission 26. Proceedings: 13th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001. Nuuk, Greenland.
Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, A. S. Fischbach, G. S. York, and K. S. Simac. 2002. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee, 9-10 Feb 2002. Iqualuit, Canada.
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2002. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings of the Bear Taxanomic Group Workshop on Ursids in Captivity. Annual Meeting of the American Zoological Society, Detroit, MI, April 27 - 29, 2001.
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, and T. L. McDonald. 2002. Volume III, Appendix J 1, Liberty Development and Production Plan. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region OCS EIS/EA MMS 2001-001.
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1999. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 131-139 in A. E. Derocher, (ed.), Occasional Paper IUCN Specialists Survey Commission 19. Proceedings: IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1999. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 47-52 in Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 131-139 in A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, N. J. Lunn, and O. Wiig, (eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/SSC Occasional Paper 19. 159 pp. Proceedings: 12th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group Oslo, Norway.
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Identification of polar bear den habitat in northern Alaska. Pages 141-145 in A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, N. J. Lunn, and O. Wiig, (eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/SSC Occasional Paper 19. 159 pp. Proceedings: 12th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group Oslo, Norway.
Durner, G. M. and J. E. Gates. 1993. Spatial Ecology of Black Rat Snakes on Remington Farms, Maryland. Journal of Wildlife Management 57(4):812-826.
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Temporal and geographic variation of maternity denning among polar bears of the Beaufort Sea. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 198-206 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Polar bear maternity denning on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 189-197 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.
Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Responses of maternal polar bears to human activities in Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 198-206 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
- Science
- Data
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 71
Using hair cortisol to assess physiological stress in Alaska polar bears
The concentration of cortisol in hair (HCC) of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) may provide a retrospective view of physiological stress they experience and a link to their response to environmental change. To understand this relationship, we assayed HCC from polar bears captured in the Alaska Beaufort, Bering and Chukchi seas during 1983–1989 and 2004–2016. Cortisol accumulated in hair through summAuthorsGeorge M. DurnerAnalyses on subpopulation abundance and annual number of maternal dens for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the southern Beaufort Sea, Alaska
The long-term persistence of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) is threatened by sea-ice loss due to climate change, which is concurrently providing an opportunity in the Arctic for increased anthropogenic activities including natural resource extraction. Mitigating the risk of those activities, which can adversely affect the population dynamics of the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) subpopulation, is an eAuthorsTodd C. Atwood, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Vijay P. Patil, George M. Durner, David C. Douglas, Kristin S. SimacIdentifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears
Animal structural body size and condition are often measured to evaluate individual health, identify responses to environmental change and food availability, and relate food availability to effects on reproduction and survival. A variety of condition metrics have been developed but relationships between these metrics and vital rates are rarely validated. Identifying an optimal approach to estimateAuthorsKaryn D. Rode, Todd C. Atwood, Gregory Thiemann, Michelle St. Martin, Ryan H. Wilson, George M. Durner, Eric V. Regehr, Sandra L. Talbot, Kevin Sage, Anthony M. Pagano, Kristin S. SimacErratum: Seismic survey design and effects on maternal polar bear dens
Since the publication of this manuscript, readers have noted two errors in our analysis. The first is that we inadvertently stated that the forward looking infrared (FLIR) survey simulations only represented a single FLIR survey. In reality, the analysis assumed two independent FLIR surveys occurred prior to simulated seismic activity occurring. To evaluate the results for a single FLIR survey,AuthorsRyan H. Wilson, George M. DurnerCatalogue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal den locations in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and nearby areas, 1910–2018
This report presents data on the approximate locations and methods of discovery of 530 polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternal dens observed in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas and neighboring areas from 1910 to 2018, and archived partly by the U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, and partly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, in Anchorage, Alaska. A descriptionAuthorsGeorge M. Durner, Steven C. Amstrup, Todd C. Atwood, David C. Douglas, Anthony S. Fischbach, Jay W. Olson, Karyn D. Rode, Ryan H. WilsonThe seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear
Divergent movement strategies have enabled wildlife populations to adapt to environmental change. In recent decades, the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has developed a divergent movement strategy in response to diminishing sea ice where the majority of the subpopulation (73–85%) stays on the sea ice in summer and the remaining bears move to land. Although declAuthorsAnthony M. Pagano, Todd C. Atwood, George M. Durner, Terrie M. WilliamsSeismic survey design and impacts to maternal polar bear dens
Large‐scale industrial activities can have negative effects on wildlife populations. Some of these effects, however, could be reduced with effective planning prior to development. The Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, in northeastern Alaska, USA, is an important maternal denning area for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Recent legislation has opened the area for potential oil andAuthorsRyan H. Wilson, George M. DurnerAre polar bear habitat resource selection functions developed from 1985-1996 data still useful?
1. Greenhouse gas-induced warming in the Arctic has caused declines in sea ice extent and changed its composition, raising concerns by all circumpolar nations for polar bear conservation. 2. Negative impacts have been observed in three well-studied polar bear subpopulations. Most subpopulations, however, receive little or no direct monitoring, hence, resource selection functions (RSF) may provideAuthorsGeorge M. Durner, David C. Douglas, Todd C. AtwoodAccounting for phenology in the analysis of animal movement
The analysis of animal tracking data provides important scientific understanding and discovery in ecology. Observations of animal trajectories using telemetry devices provide researchers with information about the way animals interact with their environment and each other. For many species, specific geographical features in the landscape can have a strong effect on behavior. Such features may corrAuthorsHenry R. Scharf, Mevin Hooten, Ryan R. Wilson, George M. Durner, Todd C. AtwoodHeightened immune system function in polar bears using terrestrial habitats
Climate change is altering the distribution of some wildlife species while warming temperatures are facilitating the northward expansion of pathogens, potentially increasing disease risk. Melting of Arctic sea ice is causing polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the Southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) to increasingly spend summer on land, where they may encounter novel pathogens. Here, we tested whether SBS poAuthorsJohn P. Whiteman, Henry J. Harlow, George M. Durner, Eric V. Regehr, Steven C. Amstrup, Merav Ben-DavidA comparison of photograph-interpreted and IfSAR-derived maps of polar bear denning habitat for the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Alaska use the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for maternal denning. Pregnant bears den in snow banks for more than 3 months in winter during which they give birth to and nurture young. Denning is one of the most vulnerable times in polar bear life history as the family group cannot simply walk away from a disturbance without jeopardizing survival of newly bAuthorsGeorge M. Durner, Todd C. AtwoodHigh-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear
Regional declines in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations have been attributed to changing sea ice conditions, but with limited information on the causative mechanisms. By simultaneously measuring field metabolic rates, daily activity patterns, body condition, and foraging success of polar bears moving on the spring sea ice, we found that high metabolic rates (1.6 times greater than previouslyAuthorsAnthony M. Pagano, George M. Durner, Karyn D. Rode, Todd C. Atwood, Stephen N. Atkinson, Elizabeth Peacock, Daniel P. Costa, Megan A. Owen, Terrie M. WilliamsNon-USGS Publications**
Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2011. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Bear Taxanomic Group Workshop on Ursids in Captivity. American Zoological Society Annual Meeting. Detroit, MI, USA.Durner, G. M., D. C. Douglas, R. M. Nielson, S. C. Amstrup, and T. L. McDonald. 2007. Predicting the future distribution of Polar Bear Habitat in the polar basin from resource selection functions applied to 21st century general circulation model projections of sea ice. USGS Administrative Report, 61 p. doi:10.3133/70174076Bergen, S., G. M. Durner, D. C. Douglas, and S. C. Amstrup. 2007. Predicting movements of female polar bears between summer sea ice foraging habitats and terrestrial denning habitats of Alaska in the 21st century: Proposed methodology and pilot assessment. USGS Administrative Report, 24 p.Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, G. York, E. V. Regehr, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, T. W. Bentzen, K. S. Amstrup, and D. C. Douglas. 2005. Report on research progress in Alaska. Proceedings: 15th Annual meeting of joint commissioners and technical advisors of the Inuvialiut Game Council and North Slope Borough. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, E. V. Regehr, G. W. York, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, and D. C. Douglas. 2004. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. February 2004, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee.Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, G. W. York, K. S. Simac, T. S. Smith, S. T. Partridge, and D. C. Douglas. 2003. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. February 2003, Edmonton, Alberta. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee.Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, R. Neilson, and T. L. McDonald. 2003. The use of sea ice habitat by female polar bears in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 60-61 in Proceedings of the Ninth MMS Information Transfer Meeting. MMS OCS Study 2003-042, 118 p.Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2002. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 109-125 in edited by N. J. Lunn, S. Schliebe and E. W. Born, (eds.), Occasional Paper IUCN Specialists Survey Commission 26. Proceedings: 13th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 23-28 June 2001. Nuuk, Greenland.Durner, G. M., S. C. Amstrup, A. S. Fischbach, G. S. York, and K. S. Simac. 2002. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical Committee, 9-10 Feb 2002. Iqualuit, Canada.Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, A. S. Fischbach, K. S. Simac, and G. W. York. 2002. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings of the Bear Taxanomic Group Workshop on Ursids in Captivity. Annual Meeting of the American Zoological Society, Detroit, MI, April 27 - 29, 2001.Amstrup, S. C., G. M. Durner, and T. L. McDonald. 2002. Volume III, Appendix J 1, Liberty Development and Production Plan. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region OCS EIS/EA MMS 2001-001.Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1999. Polar Bear Research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 131-139 in A. E. Derocher, (ed.), Occasional Paper IUCN Specialists Survey Commission 19. Proceedings: IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist GroupAmstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1999. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical CommitteeAmstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 47-52 in Proceedings: Canadian Polar Bear Technical CommitteeAmstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Polar bear research in the Beaufort Sea. Pages 131-139 in A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, N. J. Lunn, and O. Wiig, (eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/SSC Occasional Paper 19. 159 pp. Proceedings: 12th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group Oslo, Norway.Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1998. Identification of polar bear den habitat in northern Alaska. Pages 141-145 in A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, N. J. Lunn, and O. Wiig, (eds.). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland. IUCN/SSC Occasional Paper 19. 159 pp. Proceedings: 12th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group Oslo, Norway.Durner, G. M. and J. E. Gates. 1993. Spatial Ecology of Black Rat Snakes on Remington Farms, Maryland. Journal of Wildlife Management 57(4):812-826.Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Temporal and geographic variation of maternity denning among polar bears of the Beaufort Sea. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 198-206 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Polar bear maternity denning on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 189-197 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.Amstrup, S. C. and G. M. Durner. 1992. Responses of maternal polar bears to human activities in Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pages 198-206 in T. R. Mc Cabe, B. Griffith, N. E. Walsh, and D. D. Young, (eds.). Terrestrial Research: 1002 area - Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Interim Report, 1988-1990, 432 p.**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
- News
*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government