In 2022, the U.S. Geological Survey began working with the National Park Service, University of California-Davis, University of Alaska-Anchorage, and Alaska Pacific University to study water quality of streams and rivers in the Arctic. Widespread permafrost thaw has altered the concentration and flux of organic carbon, nutrients, and trace metals in Arctic rivers. Recent observations indicate that waters draining permafrost landscapes may be susceptible to iron and carbon mobilization following thaw. Observations suggest that orange stream reaches have higher iron concentrations, less dissolved oxygen, and more acidic water than nearby clearwater streams. The conversion of streams from clear to orange water appears to reflect a considerable deterioration of habitat for benthic macroinvertebrates and fish.

Scientific America Article: Why Are Alaska's Rivers Turning Orange?

NPS Article: Rusting of Wild and Scenic Rivers in Alaska Arctic National Parks

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