Fate and Transport of Pathogens and Nutrients from Land-Applied Animal Manures
This collaborative project between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the USGS was conducted as part of a larger research program being undertaken by USEPA and the U.S Department of Agriculture at several research sites throughout the United States. Goals included:
1. Obtain detailed data concerning the survival of pathogenic microorganisms from manure applied to soil under different waste management practices;
2. Evaluate the movement of these organisms in overland runoff and through subsurface drainage to receiving waters; and
3. Evaluate the variability of host-specific PCR biomarkers from pathogens in wastes under different management practices.
The project was conducted at the North Carolina State University Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory in Wake County, NC, an agricultural site used for research and teaching purposes.
This scope of work is being established to support USEPA’s research activities at the LWRFL site over a 2-year period, beginning in October 2009 (FY10) and ending in September 2011 (FY11). Field data collection activities are planned for the first year (FY10). Water-quality sampling sites will be established at the swine operation at the LWRFL. Water-quality samples of source waste materials and surface water will be collected for laboratory analysis of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, host-specific PCR biomarkers, antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), and nutrients (tables 1 and 2). In the final year of the project (FY11), the field site will be decommissioned and the USGS and USEPA will work collaboratively to develop a final project report that compiles results of data collection activities at the LWRFL.
The specific objectives of the USGS and USEPA research proposed at the LWRFL are to:
-
measure the survival of bacterial indicator organisms and pathogens and the persistence of host-specific molecular biomarkers in soils receiving applications of swine waste materials, and
-
assess transport of microorganisms and nutrients through overland runoff and from waste-application fields to adjacent streams.
As part of field data collection activities, the USGS has installed stream gages to monitor flow and automated samplers to collect stormwater-runoff samples at five surface-water sites (fig. 1). Samples at the stormwater monitoring stations will be collected during approximately 6 storm events. Soil samples will be collected following applications of lagoon effluent in the spray fields. A rain gage will be installed to record rainfall data at the LWRFL. The USGS will collect and provide samples to USEPA for analysis of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, host-specific PCR biomarkers, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and ARGs (table 1). USGS also will collect and analyze samples for nutrient concentrations (table 2).
Approach:
The following tasks and data collection activities will be performed to meet the project objectives.
Task 1: Establish hydrologic and water-quality monitoring stations
Five monitoring sites at the LWRFL have been established for use in collecting water-quality samples and continuous discharge data. Monitoring sites ST1A, SR1, SR2, and ST1D were established to monitor stormwater runoff at the swine facility. Monitoring site BR1 was established in an agricultural field with no animal waste inputs to generate background data for use in examining relative differences in bacteria and nutrient loadings associated with sites SR1 and SR2 that receive overland runoff from the swine waste application fields. A rain gage was installed at site ST1A for recording continuous data on precipitation at the LWRFL.
Task 2: Continuously measure water stage at each water-quality monitoring station
At each monitoring site established as part of task 1, USGS will continuously measure water stage and perform discharge measurements to develop continuous records of discharge at each site. Pre-fabricated flumes have been installed at overland runoff sites BR1, SR1, and SR2 (fig. 1 and table 3). Discharge rating curves for the flumes will be used in combination with continuous stage measurements in each flume to determine continuous discharge records for each site.
Task 3: Characterization of animal wastes
Samples of fecal waste-material will be collected from the animal waste-storage lagoons at the swine operation for laboratory analyses. Samples of swine waste applied by spraying of lagoon effluent also will be collected in the waste application fields. The samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, and antimicrobial resistance (table 1). Select samples will be analyzed for nutrients (table 2).
Task 4: Collect soil samples for survivability testing of pathogenic microorganisms
Samples of surface soil material will be collected from the swine waste application fields for laboratory analysis of pathogens, fecal indicator bacteria, and antibiotic resistance bacteria, and host specific molecular biomarkers (fig. 1, table 1). Ideally, a soil sampling event will be conducted in coordination with the spraying of lagoon effluent in the application fields. Samples are proposed to be collected the day before spraying, the day of spraying, and then at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days following the application event.
Task 5: Perform rainfall-associated sample collection for evaluation of bacteria and nutrients at each water-quality monitoring station
At the five monitoring stations (fig. 1), automated samplers will be used to collect water samples during approximately 6 rainfall-runoff events during the one year monitoring period. For each event, approximately 5 samples will be collected at each site for microbiological and chemical analyses (table 1 and table 2). The water quality samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and nutrients.
Task 6: Perform routine baseline sample collection for evaluation of bacteria and nutrients at each study area
In addition to storm-event sampling, instantaneous water samples will be collected on approximately a bi-weekly basis to establish baseline water-quality information. Samples will be collected at the upstream and downstream automated monitoring stations (sites ST1A and ST1D) and at two additional baseline sites (sites ST1B and ST1C) not included in the runoff monitoring network (fig. 1 and table 3). Discharge measurements will be performed at the time of sampling. The water samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and nutrients (table 1 and table 2).
Task 7: Compile site use information
USGS staff will work with LWRFL staff to obtain available information on past and present activities at the swine operation that may be beneficial to interpreting data results obtained during the study. To the extent possible, USGS will compile information on waste applications (manure types and amounts, timing, and field locations), inorganic fertilizer applications, crop rotations, livestock populations, and historical pharmaceutical use for the swine operation.
Task 8: Prepare final report
Upon completion of field data collection activities, the USGS will work in collaboration with EPA to jointly complete an USGS Open-File Report (available online) that compiles and summarizes results of data collection activities at the LWRFL. The study results will provide animal producers, public health officials, and water-resource managers, at local and national levels, with beneficial information in designing and implementing best management practices for reducing the load of pathogenic microorganisms, nutrients, and OWCs reaching the environment.
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Evaluation of Nutrients in Durham County, North Carolina, Urban Streams
This collaborative project between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the USGS was conducted as part of a larger research program being undertaken by USEPA and the U.S Department of Agriculture at several research sites throughout the United States. Goals included:
1. Obtain detailed data concerning the survival of pathogenic microorganisms from manure applied to soil under different waste management practices;
2. Evaluate the movement of these organisms in overland runoff and through subsurface drainage to receiving waters; and
3. Evaluate the variability of host-specific PCR biomarkers from pathogens in wastes under different management practices.
The project was conducted at the North Carolina State University Lake Wheeler Road Field Laboratory in Wake County, NC, an agricultural site used for research and teaching purposes.
This scope of work is being established to support USEPA’s research activities at the LWRFL site over a 2-year period, beginning in October 2009 (FY10) and ending in September 2011 (FY11). Field data collection activities are planned for the first year (FY10). Water-quality sampling sites will be established at the swine operation at the LWRFL. Water-quality samples of source waste materials and surface water will be collected for laboratory analysis of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, host-specific PCR biomarkers, antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), and nutrients (tables 1 and 2). In the final year of the project (FY11), the field site will be decommissioned and the USGS and USEPA will work collaboratively to develop a final project report that compiles results of data collection activities at the LWRFL.
The specific objectives of the USGS and USEPA research proposed at the LWRFL are to:
-
measure the survival of bacterial indicator organisms and pathogens and the persistence of host-specific molecular biomarkers in soils receiving applications of swine waste materials, and
-
assess transport of microorganisms and nutrients through overland runoff and from waste-application fields to adjacent streams.
As part of field data collection activities, the USGS has installed stream gages to monitor flow and automated samplers to collect stormwater-runoff samples at five surface-water sites (fig. 1). Samples at the stormwater monitoring stations will be collected during approximately 6 storm events. Soil samples will be collected following applications of lagoon effluent in the spray fields. A rain gage will be installed to record rainfall data at the LWRFL. The USGS will collect and provide samples to USEPA for analysis of fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, host-specific PCR biomarkers, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and ARGs (table 1). USGS also will collect and analyze samples for nutrient concentrations (table 2).
Approach:
The following tasks and data collection activities will be performed to meet the project objectives.
Task 1: Establish hydrologic and water-quality monitoring stations
Five monitoring sites at the LWRFL have been established for use in collecting water-quality samples and continuous discharge data. Monitoring sites ST1A, SR1, SR2, and ST1D were established to monitor stormwater runoff at the swine facility. Monitoring site BR1 was established in an agricultural field with no animal waste inputs to generate background data for use in examining relative differences in bacteria and nutrient loadings associated with sites SR1 and SR2 that receive overland runoff from the swine waste application fields. A rain gage was installed at site ST1A for recording continuous data on precipitation at the LWRFL.
Task 2: Continuously measure water stage at each water-quality monitoring station
At each monitoring site established as part of task 1, USGS will continuously measure water stage and perform discharge measurements to develop continuous records of discharge at each site. Pre-fabricated flumes have been installed at overland runoff sites BR1, SR1, and SR2 (fig. 1 and table 3). Discharge rating curves for the flumes will be used in combination with continuous stage measurements in each flume to determine continuous discharge records for each site.
Task 3: Characterization of animal wastes
Samples of fecal waste-material will be collected from the animal waste-storage lagoons at the swine operation for laboratory analyses. Samples of swine waste applied by spraying of lagoon effluent also will be collected in the waste application fields. The samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, and antimicrobial resistance (table 1). Select samples will be analyzed for nutrients (table 2).
Task 4: Collect soil samples for survivability testing of pathogenic microorganisms
Samples of surface soil material will be collected from the swine waste application fields for laboratory analysis of pathogens, fecal indicator bacteria, and antibiotic resistance bacteria, and host specific molecular biomarkers (fig. 1, table 1). Ideally, a soil sampling event will be conducted in coordination with the spraying of lagoon effluent in the application fields. Samples are proposed to be collected the day before spraying, the day of spraying, and then at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days following the application event.
Task 5: Perform rainfall-associated sample collection for evaluation of bacteria and nutrients at each water-quality monitoring station
At the five monitoring stations (fig. 1), automated samplers will be used to collect water samples during approximately 6 rainfall-runoff events during the one year monitoring period. For each event, approximately 5 samples will be collected at each site for microbiological and chemical analyses (table 1 and table 2). The water quality samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and nutrients.
Task 6: Perform routine baseline sample collection for evaluation of bacteria and nutrients at each study area
In addition to storm-event sampling, instantaneous water samples will be collected on approximately a bi-weekly basis to establish baseline water-quality information. Samples will be collected at the upstream and downstream automated monitoring stations (sites ST1A and ST1D) and at two additional baseline sites (sites ST1B and ST1C) not included in the runoff monitoring network (fig. 1 and table 3). Discharge measurements will be performed at the time of sampling. The water samples will be analyzed primarily for fecal bacterial indicators, pathogens, molecular biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and nutrients (table 1 and table 2).
Task 7: Compile site use information
USGS staff will work with LWRFL staff to obtain available information on past and present activities at the swine operation that may be beneficial to interpreting data results obtained during the study. To the extent possible, USGS will compile information on waste applications (manure types and amounts, timing, and field locations), inorganic fertilizer applications, crop rotations, livestock populations, and historical pharmaceutical use for the swine operation.
Task 8: Prepare final report
Upon completion of field data collection activities, the USGS will work in collaboration with EPA to jointly complete an USGS Open-File Report (available online) that compiles and summarizes results of data collection activities at the LWRFL. The study results will provide animal producers, public health officials, and water-resource managers, at local and national levels, with beneficial information in designing and implementing best management practices for reducing the load of pathogenic microorganisms, nutrients, and OWCs reaching the environment.
Below are other science projects associated with this project.