This chapter presents and applies five constraint/enabler categories that influence integration of the plural values of cultural ecosystem services (CES) in decision-making, highlighting how diverse forms of CES knowledge can intersect with decision making contexts. CES make foundational contributions to human well-being, and yet they are consistently underrepresented in research products intended to inform decision-making. In particular, the relational and holistic values associated with CES categories such as cultural identity and maintenance of knowledge systems have been inadequately conveyed through existing instrumental approaches to ecosystem service assessment and ecosystem valuation. In this chapter we detail (1) a spectrum of forms in which CES knowledge may be conveyed to inform decision-making and (2) constraints and enabling factors that influence whether plural CES values are meaningfully considered in decision-making. This chapter considers how these constraints/enablers commonly influence integration of distinct CES knowledge forms in natural resource management decision contexts. Examples are then offered from case study research on Elwha River dam removal decision-making (Washington state, USA). These examples illustrate that factors commonly constraining integration of diverse CES knowledge forms can transform into enablers for meaningful consideration of relational values and holistic value perspectives, alongside instrumental values. The chapter concludes with takeaways for decision-makers, managers, and those who hold CES knowledge and seek to convey plural CES values to inform decision-making.
