Improving confidence by embracing uncertainty: A meta-analysis of U.S. hunting values for benefit transfer

Recreational hunting in the United States has traditional and cultural importance, and generates substantial economic benefits to individual hunters themselves. This paper conducts a meta-analysis of existing nonmarket valuation estimates for hunting in the United States to explore sources and implications of variation and uncertainty in these estimates. A multi-level meta-regression model is estimated to forecast point estimates for different hunting contexts, as well as to construct bounds of uncertainty around these estimates. The results and discussion provide insight to practitioners who need to conduct or understand benefit transfer, as well as those particularly interested in the value of hunting in the U.S.