Kīlauea 2024-25 summit eruption tephrafall

The left map shows the tephra fall associated with Kīlauea's episodic summit eruption, from December 2024-December 2025. Tephra is a generic word for any material erupted by a volcano that travels through the air before landing on the ground. Most tephra fall from lava fountaining episodes has landed in the closed area of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, southwest of the eruptive vents. Moderate (more than 2 mm accumulation), minor (0.5-2 mm accumulation), or minimal (less than 0.5 mm accumulation) tephra fall has sometimes occurred in areas outside of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, dependent on lava fountain dynamics and wind conditions. The right map shows how areas around the eruptive vents were impacted during episode 38 lava fountaining on December 6, when there were inclined fountains to the south and weak tradewinds, resulting in most tephra fall to the southwest; circles of equidistance around the vents indicate potential impact during similar lava fountaining conditions under weak wind conditions.