New publication on geochemistry of Kīlauea lava fountains

By Hawaiian Volcano Observatory October 20, 2026

A new paper led by the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory tracks the geochemistry of the first year of lava fountains (episodes 1–39) erupted during the ongoing episodic eruption in Halema‘uma‘u at the summit of Kīlauea, which began December 23, 2024.

Read the new research

Color photograph of scientist collecting molten sample — A USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory geologist collected of molten sample of lava in the eastern portion of Halema‘uma‘u crater the morning of March 4, 2025. In this portion of the crater, far from the eruptive vents, lava has slowly oozed out in recent days as residue from earlier episodes. All samples are collected in coordination with and after receiving permission from Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Analysis of the sample will provide information for ongoing eruption hazard assessment. USGS photo by M. Patrick.

"Petrologic and geochemical characterization of the first year of the 2024–ongoing episodic Halema‘uma‘u eruption of Kīlauea (Episodes 1–39)"

By Kendra J. Lynn and others.

Available to read online here: ScienceDirect

Highlights

There are no significant geochemical changes during episodes that might be related to the range of observed lava fountain heights or episode durations.
There has been variable but clear geochemical and petrologic influence of the still-molten Halema‘uma‘u lava lake interior on the compositions of erupted lava fountain material.
The magmas driving this eruption were stored and sourced from the shallow 1–2 km Halemaʻumaʻu reservoir.
A new magma composition arrived within a few weeks of the eruption onset, with elevated incompatible elements in addition to a higher MgO signature.
Kīlauea's shallow reservoir system is heating up, with higher bulk MgO and systematically increasing olivine Fo contents in the low-Fo population.

Questions? Email askHVO@usgs.gov.