Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Adult Population of La Palma (Spain) after the 2021 Tajogaite Eruption: Environmental and Sociodemographic Risk Factors

The adverse mental health effects of exposure to disasters have long been recognized, with earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and volcanoes (among others) contributing to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Concerning PTSD and volcanic eruptions specifically, most studies have highlighted risk factors related to demographic and social factors (e.g., gender, age, and education), mental health, and those associated with the experience of the volcanic eruption (e.g., having evacuated). Establishing the demographic scope of those more likely to suffer PTSD following volcanic eruptions as well as understanding the aggravating factors is key to best tailor precautionary measurements and psychological interventions. In this study, we supplement these analyses by investigating the role of environmental contaminants (specifically, exposure to tephra falls and degraded air quality) together with demographic, health, and hazard experiences in contributing to PTSD. We focus on data collected after the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano (Cumbre Vieja, La Palma, Spain). Our results show that in addition to sex, education, distance from the volcano, evacuation status, health issues related to the eruption, and mental health antecedents, exposure to volcanic gas but not tephra is associated with higher PTSD scores. Our findings establish a picture of the prevalence of PTSD symptoms in various demographics groups and aggravating factors following the 2021 eruption of the Tajogaite volcano. We further call for an extended investigation (and potentially, ultimately, a mechanistic explanation) of the role of air quality (as a potential synergic hazard) in shaping mental health following exposure to a primary hazard, such as a volcanic eruption.