Predicted habitat use for reintroduced grizzly bears in the transboundary North Cascades ecosystem

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were once numerous in the North Cascades transboundary region of Washington State (United States) and British Columbia (Canada); however, few remain today. To support ongoing reintroduction evaluations, we used simulations based on movement models developed in the Northern Rocky Mountains to predict habitat use by a small founding group of grizzly bears in the North Cascades during the early stages of reintroduction. These simulations represent movements across a spatially explicit landscape based on individual-specific selection and movement parameters. We first evaluated predictive performance in three nearby populations of grizzly bears in the Squamish-Lillooet, McGillvary Mountains, and North Stein-Nahatlatch regions of the Coast Mountains, British Columbia. After applying an elevation-based calibration, predicted habitat use showed strong agreement with GPS location data from 73 collared bears. Across population–sex subgroups, Spearman rank correlations were ≥0.95, with 69.2%–83.3% of locations occurring within the top five habitat classes (covering 50% of mapped habitat) and 17.1%–36.2% in the top class (representing 10%). Overall, 24.5% and 77.9% of locations fell within the top class and top five classes, respectively. Seasonal validation showed strongest predictive performance from May to late summer or fall. Model predictions for the North Cascades indicate that habitat use during early reintroduction is likely to be concentrated in the central and northern mountainous portions of the ecosystem along the US–Canada border. These maps can guide recovery planning when no local bear data are yet available in the North Cascades transboundary region.