The Benefits Knowledges Learning Framework: A tool for learning across diverse knowledge systems in ecosystem valuation

Sustainable and just environmental management depends on meaningful consideration of the plural values of nature, as they arise in association with diverse worldviews and understandings of well-being. To achieve value pluralism in decision-making, we must also attend to knowledge pluralism, in terms of recognizing the validity and decision relevance of a broader suite of knowledge forms that convey diverse understandings of well-being and benefit. In this article, we outline a social learning tool – the Benefits Knowledges Learning Framework – that supports expanded thinking about decision-relevant, actionable knowledge, and the associated spectrum of available opportunities to learn from these diverse knowledge forms across phases of decision-making. It does so through: 1) cultivation of reflexivity and mutual learning about the knowledge systems of diverse actors involved in the decision process; 2) identification of diverse benefits knowledge forms that are available to inform decision-making; and 3) identification of opportunities to learn from these knowledge forms. Diverse forms of benefits knowledge include both knowledge products (documentation) and knowledge practices (lived and embodied). The framework can be applied to retrospective case analysis to understand and learn from constraints and enabling factors in past decision processes. It can also be applied to assess on-going decision-making and identify current opportunities for improvement. The framework begins with a start-up phase that encourages those applying the framework to address any concerns raised by stakeholders and rightsholders and determine whether framework application is appropriate in a particular context.