Ground surface deformation around the summit of Kīlauea volcano from September 11–27, 2026, and erupted lava geochemistry

A) COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation (CSG) interferogram showing deformation (or lack of it) of the ground surface around the summit of Kīlauea volcano from September 11–27, 2026. The symbol in the upper-left corner shows the satellite’s flight direction with an arrow and its viewing direction with a bar. The pink polygon represents the lava flows covering the crater floor. Main vents are shown as grey circles, while the fissure vents that opened between September 14 and 16, 2026, are shown as yellow stars. Roads are shown in black. The locations of tiltmeters are shown by black squares. The satellite data used to generate the interferogram were provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana). B) Geochemistry of the tephra from all episodes (grey) and the water-quenched lava from new vents (yellow) for comparison. C) Backscattered electron (BSE) image of typical lava flow textures from previous episode with many small crystals. D) BSE image of tephra texture showing all glass and no crystals. E) BSE image of new vent lavas with no crystals, more similar to the tephra than previous lava flows.