Hypothesized gradients for potential management actions.

Decision triangle for potential management actions. The “protect” category, where rates of change in invasive annual grass cover are negative or neutral and invasive annual grass cover is low, could include activities such as monitoring, early detection and rapid response (EDRR), and preventing additional disturbance. Strategies in the “treat” category, where rates of change are positive, but percent cover is low/moderate, could include treatment with herbicides, restoration actions, and EDRR where cover is low. In areas with a hypothesized “contain” strategy, when rates of change are high positive and invasive annual grass cover is high, management goals could include isolation, prevention of spread, and protection from fire transmission. Importantly, thresholds and actions can be flexible and can be adjusted to balance local invasion context and management goals. Figure 6 from Roche and others (2024).