Plot of size versus annual probability for hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone National Park

Plot of size versus annual probability for hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone National Park. The line is a model based on the energy required to form a crater of a specific size, and it is fit to known hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone National Park. Red boxes are example hydrothermal explosion craters in Yellowstone that were observed or were identified from geological studies, with plausible uncertainty in crater sizes given by the error bars. The yellow oval marks the July 23, 2024, hydrothermal explosion at Black Diamond Pool in Biscuit Basin. Figure modified from Christiansen and others (2007).