Seasonal teleconnections between ENSO and shoreline positions, waves, and water levels throughout the PNW

Seasonal teleconnections between ENSO and shoreline positions, waves, and water levels throughout the PNW. Anomalous a, b) shoreline position change rates (positive [negative] values correspond to accretional [erosional] trends), c, d) wave energy flux, and e, f) water levels during El Niño and La Niña wave years and boreal winters (DJF), respectively, among 10,599 sandy beach transects throughout 22 examined littoral cells in the PNW compared to all years and winters of record (1984–2024). From the study ENSO and PDO drive shoreline position anomalies in the US Pacific Northwest.