Exiting new molecular approaches that allow investigators to assess fungal biodiversity directly are being developed. These approaches are still in their infancies, but they are developing rapidly. The following papers provide an introduction to this burgeoning field of study: Bohannan and Hughes (2003), Cooksey (1997), Jumpponen (2003), Landeweert et al. (2003), Nikolchva et al. (2003), Ranjard et al. (2003), and Tedersoo et al. (2003).—Eds.