Revised timing of rapid exhumation in the West Qinling: Implications for geodynamics of Oligocene-Miocene Tibetan plateau outward expansion

Two contrasting age models for initial mountain building in the northeastern (NE) Tibetan Plateau (Paleocene-early Eocene versus late Oligocene-early Miocene) have led to the debate on how the deformed continental lithosphere absorbs plate convergence in general. The initial compressional deformation in the West Qinling (WQL) of the NE Tibetan Plateau figures prominently in this ongoing debate. Here, apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) thermochronology combined with geomorphological analysis are used to refine the onset of compressional deformation in the WQL. New AHe ages from two vertical transects and an updated reconstruction of an obliquely-tilted erosion surface document the accelerated exhumation in the northern WQL at 23-22 Ma, interpreted as the onset of north-vergent thrusting. The AHe results, together with sedimentary records in the intermontane and foreland basins, suggest that the entire WQL began experiencing compressional deformation in the late Oligocene-early Miocene. When integrated with previous studies, our findings show that the northern plateau boundary has not remained stationary since the collision, but has instead experienced ∼750 km of outward expansion during the late Oligocene to middle Miocene. This phase of rapid plateau growth is coeval with the ∼30–50 % reduction of the India-Eurasia convergence rate, which suggests that the increased gravitational potential energy of orogenic belts played a key role in plate motion changes.