Laurence Soderblom, PhD (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 138
Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills
Spirit landed on the floor of Gusev Crater and conducted initial operations on soil‐covered, rock‐strewn cratered plains underlain by olivine‐bearing basalts. Plains surface rocks are covered by wind‐blown dust and show evidence for surface enrichment of soluble species as vein and void‐filling materials and coatings. The surface enrichment is the result of a minor amount of transport...
Authors
R. E. Arvidson, S. W. Squyres, R. C. Anderson, J. F. Bell, D. Blaney, J. Bruckner, N.A. Cabrol, W. M. Calvin, M. H. Carr, P. R. Christensen, B. C. Clark, L. Crumpler, D. J. Des Marais, P.A. De Souza, C. D'Uston, T. Economou, J. Farmer, W. H. Farrand, W. Folkner, M. Golombek, S. Gorevan, J. A. Grant, R. Greeley, J. Grotzinger, E. Guinness, B.C. Hahn, L. Haskin, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, S. Hviid, J. R. Johnson, G. Klingelhoefer, A. H. Knoll, G. Landis, C. Leff, M. Lemmon, R. Li, M.B. Madsen, M.C. Malin, S. M. McLennan, H.Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, J. Moersch, R.V. Morris, T. Parker, J. W. Rice, L. Richter, R. Rieder, D.S. Rodionov, C. Schroder, M. Sims, M. Smith, P. Smith, Laurence A. Soderblom, R. Sullivan, S.D. Thompson, N.J. Tosca, A. Wang, H. Wänke, J. Ward, T. Wdowiak, M. Wolff, A. Yen
The sand seas of titan: Cassini RADAR observations of longitudinal dunes The sand seas of titan: Cassini RADAR observations of longitudinal dunes
The most recent Cassini RADAR images of Titan show widespread regions (up to 1500 kilometers by 200 kilometers) of near-parallel radar-dark linear features that appear to be seas of longitudinal dunes similar to those seen in the Namib desert on Earth. The Ku-band (2.17-centimeter wavelength) images show ∼100-meter ridges consistent with duneforms and reveal flow interactions with...
Authors
R. D. Lorenz, S. Wall, J. Radebaugh, G. Boubin, E. Reffet, M. Janssen, E. Stofan, R. Lopes, Randolph L. Kirk, C. Elachi, J. Lunine, Ken Mitchell, F. Paganelli, Laurence A. Soderblom, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, S. Ostro, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, G.G. Ori, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, E. Flamini, R. West
Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars
The Mars Exploration Rovers investigated numerous craters in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum during the first ???400 sols of their missions. Craters vary in size and preservation state but are mostly due to secondary impacts at Gusev and primary impacts at Meridiani. Craters at both locations are modified primarily by eolian erosion and infilling and lack evidence for modification by...
Authors
J. A. Grant, R. E. Arvidson, L.S. Crumpler, M.P. Golombek, B. Hahn, A. F. C. Haldemann, R. Li, L.A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres, S.P. Wright, W.A. Watters
Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars
Erosion rates derived from the Gusev cratered plains and the erosion of weak sulfates by saltating sand at Meridiani Planum are so slow that they argue that the present dry and desiccating environment has persisted since the Early Hesperian. In contrast, sedimentary rocks at Meridiani formed in the presence of groundwater and occasional surface water, and many Columbia Hills rocks at...
Authors
M.P. Golombek, J. A. Grant, L.S. Crumpler, R. Greeley, R. E. Arvidson, J.F. Bell, C.M. Weitz, R.J. Sullivan, P. R. Christensen, L.A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres
Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by
Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper imaged the surface of Saturn's moon Titan on its February 2005 fly-by (denoted T3), collecting high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar and larger-scale radiometry and scatterometry data. These data provide the first definitive identification of impact craters on the surface of Titan, networks of fluvial channels and surficial dark streaks that may be...
Authors
C. Elachi, S. Wall, M. Janssen, E. Stofan, R. Lopes, Randolph L. Kirk, R. Lorenz, J. Lunine, F. Paganelli, Laurence A. Soderblom, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, S. Ostro, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, R. West
Mapping of Titan: Results from the first Titan radar passes Mapping of Titan: Results from the first Titan radar passes
The first two swaths collected by Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper were obtained in October of 2004 (Ta) and February of 2005 (T3). The Ta swath provides evidence for cryovolcanic processes, the possible occurrence of fluvial channels and lakes, and some tectonic activity. The T3 swath has extensive areas of dunes and two large impact craters. We interpret the brightness variations in much...
Authors
E. R. Stofan, J. I. Lunine, R. Lopes, F. Paganelli, R. D. Lorenz, C. A. Wood, Randolph L. Kirk, S. Wall, C. Elachi, Laurence A. Soderblom, S. Ostro, M. Janssen, J. Radebaugh, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W.T.K. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, R. West
Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars
By sol 440, the Spirit rover has traversed a distance of 3.76 km (actual distance traveled instead of odometry). Localization of the lander and the rover along the traverse has been successfully performed at the Gusev crater landing site. We localized the lander in the Gusev crater using two-way Doppler radio positioning and cartographic triangulations through landmarks visible in both...
Authors
Rongxing Li, Brent A. Archinal, Raymond E. Arvidson, Jim Bell, Phillip R. Christensen, Larry S. Crumpler, David J. Des Marais, Kaichang Di, Tom Duxbury, Matthew P. Golombek, John Grant, Ronald Greeley, Joe Guinn, Aaron H. Johnson, Randolph L. Kirk, Mark Maimone, Larry H. Matthies, Michael Malin, Timothy Parker, Michael H. Sims, Shane D. Thompson, Steven W. Squyres, Laurence A. Soderblom
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Outcrop exposures of sedimentary rocks at the Opportunity landing site (Meridiani Planum) form a set of genetically related strata defined here informally as the Burns formation. This formation can be subdivided into lower, middle, and upper units which, respectively, represent eolian dune, eolian sand sheet, and mixed eolian sand sheet and interdune facies associations. Collectively...
Authors
J. P. Grotzinger, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, W. Calvin, B. C. Clark, D.A. Fike, M. Golombek, R. Greeley, A. Haldemann, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, B. L. Jolliff, A. H. Knoll, M. Malin, S. M. McLennan, T. Parker, Laurence A. Soderblom, J. N. Sohl-Dickstein, S. W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters
Initial results of rover localization and topographic mapping for the 2003 mars exploration rover mission Initial results of rover localization and topographic mapping for the 2003 mars exploration rover mission
This paper presents the initial results of lander and rover localization and topographic mapping of the MER 2003 mission (by Sol 225 for Spirit and Sol 206 for Opportunity). The Spirit rover has traversed a distance of 3.2 km (actual distance traveled instead of odometry) and Opportunity at 1.2 km. We localized the landers in the Gusev Crater and on the Meridiani Planum using two-way...
Authors
Rongxing Li, Steven W. Squyres, Raymond E. Arvidson, Brent A. Archinal, James F. Bell, Yang Cheng, Larry S. Crumpler, David J. Des Marais, Kaichang Di, Todd A. Ely, Matthew P. Golombek, Eric Graat, John Grant, Joe Guinn, Andrew C. Johnson, Ronald Greeley, Randolph L. Kirk, Mark Maimone, Laurence A. Soderblom, Shane D. Thompson, Jue Wang, Patrick L. Whelley, Fengliang Xu
Joint analysis of visible and infrared images Joint analysis of visible and infrared images
Analysis of data combining daytime visible reflected, daytime IR emitted, and nighttime IR emitted images allows us to isolate the physical effects of topography, albedo, and thermal inertia. To a good approximation, these physical influences interact linearly so that maps showing topographic shading, albedo, and relative thermal inertia can be produced by simple algebraic manipulation...
Authors
Randolph L. Kirk, Laurence A. Soderblom, Glen E. Cushing, Timothy A. Tituus
Cassini radar views the surface of Titan Cassini radar views the surface of Titan
The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper imaged about 1% of Titan's surface at a resolution of ∼0.5 kilometer, and larger areas of the globe in lower resolution modes. The images reveal a complex surface, with areas of low relief and a variety of geologic features suggestive of dome-like volcanic constructs, flows, and sinuous channels. The surface appears to be young, with few impact craters...
Authors
C. Elachi, S. Wall, M. Allison, Y. Anderson, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Franceschetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, M. Janssen, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, Randolph L. Kirk, R. Lopes, R. Lorenz, J. Lunine, D. Muhleman, S. Ostro, F. Paganelli, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, Laurence A. Soderblom, B. Stiles, E. Stofan, S. Vetrella, R. West, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker
Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Impure reworked evaporitic sandstones, preserved on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are mixtures of roughly equal amounts of altered siliciclastic debris, of basaltic provenance (40 ± 10% by mass), and chemical constituents, dominated by evaporitic minerals (jarosite, Mg-, Ca-sulfates ± chlorides ± Fe-, Na-sulfates), hematite and possibly secondary silica (60 ± 10%). These chemical constituents...
Authors
S. M. McLennan, J.F. Bell, W. M. Calvin, P. R. Christensen, B. C. Clark, P.A. de Souza, J. Farmer, W. H. Farrand, D.A. Fike, Ralf Gellert, A. Ghosh, T.D. Glotch, J.P. Grotzinger, B. Hahn, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, J. R. Johnson, S.S. Johnson, B. Jolliff, G. Klingelhofer, A.H. Knoll, Z. Learner, M. C. Malin, H.Y. McSween, J. Pocock, S. W. Ruff, Laurence A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters, M.B. Wyatt, A. Yen
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 138
Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover mission to Gusev Crater: Landing site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills
Spirit landed on the floor of Gusev Crater and conducted initial operations on soil‐covered, rock‐strewn cratered plains underlain by olivine‐bearing basalts. Plains surface rocks are covered by wind‐blown dust and show evidence for surface enrichment of soluble species as vein and void‐filling materials and coatings. The surface enrichment is the result of a minor amount of transport...
Authors
R. E. Arvidson, S. W. Squyres, R. C. Anderson, J. F. Bell, D. Blaney, J. Bruckner, N.A. Cabrol, W. M. Calvin, M. H. Carr, P. R. Christensen, B. C. Clark, L. Crumpler, D. J. Des Marais, P.A. De Souza, C. D'Uston, T. Economou, J. Farmer, W. H. Farrand, W. Folkner, M. Golombek, S. Gorevan, J. A. Grant, R. Greeley, J. Grotzinger, E. Guinness, B.C. Hahn, L. Haskin, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, S. Hviid, J. R. Johnson, G. Klingelhoefer, A. H. Knoll, G. Landis, C. Leff, M. Lemmon, R. Li, M.B. Madsen, M.C. Malin, S. M. McLennan, H.Y. McSween, D. W. Ming, J. Moersch, R.V. Morris, T. Parker, J. W. Rice, L. Richter, R. Rieder, D.S. Rodionov, C. Schroder, M. Sims, M. Smith, P. Smith, Laurence A. Soderblom, R. Sullivan, S.D. Thompson, N.J. Tosca, A. Wang, H. Wänke, J. Ward, T. Wdowiak, M. Wolff, A. Yen
The sand seas of titan: Cassini RADAR observations of longitudinal dunes The sand seas of titan: Cassini RADAR observations of longitudinal dunes
The most recent Cassini RADAR images of Titan show widespread regions (up to 1500 kilometers by 200 kilometers) of near-parallel radar-dark linear features that appear to be seas of longitudinal dunes similar to those seen in the Namib desert on Earth. The Ku-band (2.17-centimeter wavelength) images show ∼100-meter ridges consistent with duneforms and reveal flow interactions with...
Authors
R. D. Lorenz, S. Wall, J. Radebaugh, G. Boubin, E. Reffet, M. Janssen, E. Stofan, R. Lopes, Randolph L. Kirk, C. Elachi, J. Lunine, Ken Mitchell, F. Paganelli, Laurence A. Soderblom, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, S. Ostro, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, G.G. Ori, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, E. Flamini, R. West
Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars
The Mars Exploration Rovers investigated numerous craters in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum during the first ???400 sols of their missions. Craters vary in size and preservation state but are mostly due to secondary impacts at Gusev and primary impacts at Meridiani. Craters at both locations are modified primarily by eolian erosion and infilling and lack evidence for modification by...
Authors
J. A. Grant, R. E. Arvidson, L.S. Crumpler, M.P. Golombek, B. Hahn, A. F. C. Haldemann, R. Li, L.A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres, S.P. Wright, W.A. Watters
Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars Erosion rates at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites and long-term climate change on Mars
Erosion rates derived from the Gusev cratered plains and the erosion of weak sulfates by saltating sand at Meridiani Planum are so slow that they argue that the present dry and desiccating environment has persisted since the Early Hesperian. In contrast, sedimentary rocks at Meridiani formed in the presence of groundwater and occasional surface water, and many Columbia Hills rocks at...
Authors
M.P. Golombek, J. A. Grant, L.S. Crumpler, R. Greeley, R. E. Arvidson, J.F. Bell, C.M. Weitz, R.J. Sullivan, P. R. Christensen, L.A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres
Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T3 fly-by
Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper imaged the surface of Saturn's moon Titan on its February 2005 fly-by (denoted T3), collecting high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar and larger-scale radiometry and scatterometry data. These data provide the first definitive identification of impact craters on the surface of Titan, networks of fluvial channels and surficial dark streaks that may be...
Authors
C. Elachi, S. Wall, M. Janssen, E. Stofan, R. Lopes, Randolph L. Kirk, R. Lorenz, J. Lunine, F. Paganelli, Laurence A. Soderblom, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, S. Ostro, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, R. West
Mapping of Titan: Results from the first Titan radar passes Mapping of Titan: Results from the first Titan radar passes
The first two swaths collected by Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper were obtained in October of 2004 (Ta) and February of 2005 (T3). The Ta swath provides evidence for cryovolcanic processes, the possible occurrence of fluvial channels and lakes, and some tectonic activity. The T3 swath has extensive areas of dunes and two large impact craters. We interpret the brightness variations in much...
Authors
E. R. Stofan, J. I. Lunine, R. Lopes, F. Paganelli, R. D. Lorenz, C. A. Wood, Randolph L. Kirk, S. Wall, C. Elachi, Laurence A. Soderblom, S. Ostro, M. Janssen, J. Radebaugh, L. Wye, H. Zebker, Y. Anderson, M. Allison, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Francescetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, W.T.K. Johnson, K. Kelleher, D. Muhleman, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, B. Stiles, S. Vetrella, R. West
Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars Spirit rover localization and topographic mapping at the landing site of Gusev crater, Mars
By sol 440, the Spirit rover has traversed a distance of 3.76 km (actual distance traveled instead of odometry). Localization of the lander and the rover along the traverse has been successfully performed at the Gusev crater landing site. We localized the lander in the Gusev crater using two-way Doppler radio positioning and cartographic triangulations through landmarks visible in both...
Authors
Rongxing Li, Brent A. Archinal, Raymond E. Arvidson, Jim Bell, Phillip R. Christensen, Larry S. Crumpler, David J. Des Marais, Kaichang Di, Tom Duxbury, Matthew P. Golombek, John Grant, Ronald Greeley, Joe Guinn, Aaron H. Johnson, Randolph L. Kirk, Mark Maimone, Larry H. Matthies, Michael Malin, Timothy Parker, Michael H. Sims, Shane D. Thompson, Steven W. Squyres, Laurence A. Soderblom
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars Stratigraphy and sedimentology of a dry to wet eolian depositional system, Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Outcrop exposures of sedimentary rocks at the Opportunity landing site (Meridiani Planum) form a set of genetically related strata defined here informally as the Burns formation. This formation can be subdivided into lower, middle, and upper units which, respectively, represent eolian dune, eolian sand sheet, and mixed eolian sand sheet and interdune facies associations. Collectively...
Authors
J. P. Grotzinger, R. E. Arvidson, J. F. Bell, W. Calvin, B. C. Clark, D.A. Fike, M. Golombek, R. Greeley, A. Haldemann, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, B. L. Jolliff, A. H. Knoll, M. Malin, S. M. McLennan, T. Parker, Laurence A. Soderblom, J. N. Sohl-Dickstein, S. W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters
Initial results of rover localization and topographic mapping for the 2003 mars exploration rover mission Initial results of rover localization and topographic mapping for the 2003 mars exploration rover mission
This paper presents the initial results of lander and rover localization and topographic mapping of the MER 2003 mission (by Sol 225 for Spirit and Sol 206 for Opportunity). The Spirit rover has traversed a distance of 3.2 km (actual distance traveled instead of odometry) and Opportunity at 1.2 km. We localized the landers in the Gusev Crater and on the Meridiani Planum using two-way...
Authors
Rongxing Li, Steven W. Squyres, Raymond E. Arvidson, Brent A. Archinal, James F. Bell, Yang Cheng, Larry S. Crumpler, David J. Des Marais, Kaichang Di, Todd A. Ely, Matthew P. Golombek, Eric Graat, John Grant, Joe Guinn, Andrew C. Johnson, Ronald Greeley, Randolph L. Kirk, Mark Maimone, Laurence A. Soderblom, Shane D. Thompson, Jue Wang, Patrick L. Whelley, Fengliang Xu
Joint analysis of visible and infrared images Joint analysis of visible and infrared images
Analysis of data combining daytime visible reflected, daytime IR emitted, and nighttime IR emitted images allows us to isolate the physical effects of topography, albedo, and thermal inertia. To a good approximation, these physical influences interact linearly so that maps showing topographic shading, albedo, and relative thermal inertia can be produced by simple algebraic manipulation...
Authors
Randolph L. Kirk, Laurence A. Soderblom, Glen E. Cushing, Timothy A. Tituus
Cassini radar views the surface of Titan Cassini radar views the surface of Titan
The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper imaged about 1% of Titan's surface at a resolution of ∼0.5 kilometer, and larger areas of the globe in lower resolution modes. The images reveal a complex surface, with areas of low relief and a variety of geologic features suggestive of dome-like volcanic constructs, flows, and sinuous channels. The surface appears to be young, with few impact craters...
Authors
C. Elachi, S. Wall, M. Allison, Y. Anderson, R. Boehmer, P. Callahan, P. Encrenaz, E. Flamini, G. Franceschetti, Y. Gim, G. Hamilton, S. Hensley, M. Janssen, W. Johnson, K. Kelleher, Randolph L. Kirk, R. Lopes, R. Lorenz, J. Lunine, D. Muhleman, S. Ostro, F. Paganelli, G. Picardi, F. Posa, L. Roth, R. Seu, S. Shaffer, Laurence A. Soderblom, B. Stiles, E. Stofan, S. Vetrella, R. West, C. Wood, L. Wye, H. Zebker
Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars Provenance and diagenesis of the evaporite-bearing Burns formation, Meridiani Planum, Mars
Impure reworked evaporitic sandstones, preserved on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are mixtures of roughly equal amounts of altered siliciclastic debris, of basaltic provenance (40 ± 10% by mass), and chemical constituents, dominated by evaporitic minerals (jarosite, Mg-, Ca-sulfates ± chlorides ± Fe-, Na-sulfates), hematite and possibly secondary silica (60 ± 10%). These chemical constituents...
Authors
S. M. McLennan, J.F. Bell, W. M. Calvin, P. R. Christensen, B. C. Clark, P.A. de Souza, J. Farmer, W. H. Farrand, D.A. Fike, Ralf Gellert, A. Ghosh, T.D. Glotch, J.P. Grotzinger, B. Hahn, Kenneth E. Herkenhoff, J.A. Hurowitz, J. R. Johnson, S.S. Johnson, B. Jolliff, G. Klingelhofer, A.H. Knoll, Z. Learner, M. C. Malin, H.Y. McSween, J. Pocock, S. W. Ruff, Laurence A. Soderblom, S. W. Squyres, N.J. Tosca, W.A. Watters, M.B. Wyatt, A. Yen