Trevor M Faske, Ph.D. (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Genetics for Western Restoration and Conservation (GWRC)
Research using genetic principles, methods, and data provides critical information for restoration and conservation science. Genetic research may rely only upon genomic sequencing techniques, which generate abundant, genome-wide DNA sequences that can provide a glimpse into a species’ evolutionary history and adaptations. Genetic research may also look at an organism’s physical traits to...
Suturing fragmented landscapes: Mosaic hybrid zones in plants may facilitate ecosystem resiliency Suturing fragmented landscapes: Mosaic hybrid zones in plants may facilitate ecosystem resiliency
Many widespread plant taxa of western North America have diversified into phenotypically and genetically divergent lineages due to complex biogeographic histories across heterogeneous landscapes. Mosaic hybrid zones can form when geographically co-occurring, yet environmentally distinct, lineages cross-pollinate and form hybrids that occupy unique environmental niches absent of a...
Authors
Robert Massatti, Trevor Morgan Faske, Ivana Barnes, Elizabeth Leger, Thomas Parchman, Bryce Richardson, L. Knowles
Non-USGS Publications**
Melton, A.E., Faske, T.M., Sniezko, R.A., Thibault, T., Williams, W., Parchman, T., and Hamilton, J.A., 2025, Genomics-driven monitoring of Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash) to inform conservation and EAB-resistance breeding: Molecular Ecology, p. 1-17, e17640, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17640.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2024, Methodological and conceptual misunderstandings lead to invalid concerns: A response to von Schmalensee et al.: Ecology Letters, v. 27, no. 6, e14436, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14436.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Osuna-Mascaró, C., Sheta, L.M., Richardson, B.A., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2024, Environment predicts the maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone of rubber rabbitbrush: Evolution, v. 78, no. 2, p. 300-314, https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad207.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2023, Evolutionary constraints mediate extinction risk under climate change: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 4, p. 529-539, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14173.
Nielsen, D.P., Harrison, J.G., Byer, N.W., Faske, T.M., Parchman, T.L., Simison, W.B., and Matocq, M.D., 2022, The gut microbiome reflects ancestry despite dietary shifts across a hybrid zone: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14135.
Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., Friedline, C.J., and Eckert, A.J., 2022, Divergence amid recurring gene flow—Complex demographic histories for two North American pine species (Pinus pungens and P. rigida) fit growing expectations among forest trees: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 18, article no. 35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-022-01565-8.
Oswald, J.A., Roth, B., Faske, T.M., Allen, J.M., Mestre, C., Rivers-Pankratz, D., Van Norman, K., and Guralnick, R.P., 2022, Population genomics of Monadenia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Xanthonychidae) land snails reveals structuring but gene-flow across distinct species and morphotypes: Conservation Genetics, v. 23, p. 299-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01410-w.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Sheta, L.M., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2021, Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub: Evolutionary Adaptations, v. 14, no. 12, p. 2881-2900, https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13323.
Friedline, C.J., Faske, T.M., Lind, B.M., Hobson, E.M., Parry, D., Dyer, R.J., Johnson, D.S., Thompson, L.M., Grayson, K.L., and Eckert, A.J., 2019, Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient: Molecular Ecology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 2206-2223, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15069.
Faske, T.M., Thompson, L.M., Banahene, N., Levorse, A., Quiroga Herrera, M., Sherman, K., Timko, S.E., Yang, B., Gray, D.R., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Eckert, A.J., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2019, Can gypsy moth stand the heat? A reciprocal transplant experiment with an invasive forest pest across its southern range margin: Biological Invasions, v. 21, p. 1365–1378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1907-9.
May, C., Hillerbrand, N., Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Martinez, E., Parry, D., Agosta, S.J., and Grayson, K.L., 2018, Geographic variation in larval metabolic rate between northern and southern populations of the invasive gypsy moth: Journal of Insect Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey068.
Banahene, N., Salem, S.K., Faske, T.M., Byrne, H.M., Glackin, M., Agosta, S.J., Eckert, A.J., Grayson, K.L., and Thompson, L.M., 2018, Thermal sensitivity of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) during larval and pupal development: Environmental Entomology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 1623–1631, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy149.
Lind, B.M., Menon, M., Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., and Eckert, A.J., 2018, The genomics of local adaptation in trees—Are we out of the woods yet?: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 14, article no. 29, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1224-y.
**Royal Entomological Society Winner of Best Physical Entolomology Paper in 2017-2018:
Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Banahene, N., Grim, D., Agosta, S.J., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2017, Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species: Physiological Entomology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12190.
Grayson, K.L., Parry, D., Faske, T.M., Hamilton, A., Tobin, P.C., Agosta, S.J., and Johnson, D.M., 2015, Performance of wild and laboratory-reared gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): A comparison between foliage and artificial diet: Environmental Entomology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 864–873, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv063.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2024, Methodological and conceptual misunderstandings lead to invalid concerns: A response to von Schmalensee et al.: Ecology Letters, v. 27, no. 6, e14436, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14436.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Osuna-Mascaró, C., Sheta, L.M., Richardson, B.A., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2024, Environment predicts the maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone of rubber rabbitbrush: Evolution, v. 78, no. 2, p. 300-314, https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad207.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2023, Evolutionary constraints mediate extinction risk under climate change: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 4, p. 529-539, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14173.
Nielsen, D.P., Harrison, J.G., Byer, N.W., Faske, T.M., Parchman, T.L., Simison, W.B., and Matocq, M.D., 2022, The gut microbiome reflects ancestry despite dietary shifts across a hybrid zone: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14135.
Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., Friedline, C.J., and Eckert, A.J., 2022, Divergence amid recurring gene flow—Complex demographic histories for two North American pine species (Pinus pungens and P. rigida) fit growing expectations among forest trees: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 18, article no. 35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-022-01565-8.
Oswald, J.A., Roth, B., Faske, T.M., Allen, J.M., Mestre, C., Rivers-Pankratz, D., Van Norman, K., and Guralnick, R.P., 2022, Population genomics of Monadenia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Xanthonychidae) land snails reveals structuring but gene-flow across distinct species and morphotypes: Conservation Genetics, v. 23, p. 299-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01410-w.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Sheta, L.M., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2021, Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub: Evolutionary Adaptations, v. 14, no. 12, p. 2881-2900, https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13323.
Friedline, C.J., Faske, T.M., Lind, B.M., Hobson, E.M., Parry, D., Dyer, R.J., Johnson, D.S., Thompson, L.M., Grayson, K.L., and Eckert, A.J., 2019, Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient: Molecular Ecology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 2206-2223, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15069.
Faske, T.M., Thompson, L.M., Banahene, N., Levorse, A., Quiroga Herrera, M., Sherman, K., Timko, S.E., Yang, B., Gray, D.R., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Eckert, A.J., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2019, Can gypsy moth stand the heat? A reciprocal transplant experiment with an invasive forest pest across its southern range margin: Biological Invasions, v. 21, p. 1365–1378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1907-9.
May, C., Hillerbrand, N., Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Martinez, E., Parry, D., Agosta, S.J., and Grayson, K.L., 2018, Geographic variation in larval metabolic rate between northern and southern populations of the invasive gypsy moth: Journal of Insect Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey068.
Banahene, N., Salem, S.K., Faske, T.M., Byrne, H.M., Glackin, M., Agosta, S.J., Eckert, A.J., Grayson, K.L., and Thompson, L.M., 2018, Thermal sensitivity of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) during larval and pupal development: Environmental Entomology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 1623–1631, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy149.
Lind, B.M., Menon, M., Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., and Eckert, A.J., 2018, The genomics of local adaptation in trees—Are we out of the woods yet?: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 14, article no. 29, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1224-y.
**Royal Entomological Society Winner of Best Physical Entolomology Paper in 2017-2018:
Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Banahene, N., Grim, D., Agosta, S.J., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2017, Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species: Physiological Entomology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12190.
Grayson, K.L., Parry, D., Faske, T.M., Hamilton, A., Tobin, P.C., Agosta, S.J., and Johnson, D.M., 2015, Performance of wild and laboratory-reared gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): A comparison between foliage and artificial diet: Environmental Entomology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 864–873, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv063.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Genetics for Western Restoration and Conservation (GWRC)
Research using genetic principles, methods, and data provides critical information for restoration and conservation science. Genetic research may rely only upon genomic sequencing techniques, which generate abundant, genome-wide DNA sequences that can provide a glimpse into a species’ evolutionary history and adaptations. Genetic research may also look at an organism’s physical traits to...
Suturing fragmented landscapes: Mosaic hybrid zones in plants may facilitate ecosystem resiliency Suturing fragmented landscapes: Mosaic hybrid zones in plants may facilitate ecosystem resiliency
Many widespread plant taxa of western North America have diversified into phenotypically and genetically divergent lineages due to complex biogeographic histories across heterogeneous landscapes. Mosaic hybrid zones can form when geographically co-occurring, yet environmentally distinct, lineages cross-pollinate and form hybrids that occupy unique environmental niches absent of a...
Authors
Robert Massatti, Trevor Morgan Faske, Ivana Barnes, Elizabeth Leger, Thomas Parchman, Bryce Richardson, L. Knowles
Non-USGS Publications**
Melton, A.E., Faske, T.M., Sniezko, R.A., Thibault, T., Williams, W., Parchman, T., and Hamilton, J.A., 2025, Genomics-driven monitoring of Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash) to inform conservation and EAB-resistance breeding: Molecular Ecology, p. 1-17, e17640, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.17640.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2024, Methodological and conceptual misunderstandings lead to invalid concerns: A response to von Schmalensee et al.: Ecology Letters, v. 27, no. 6, e14436, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14436.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Osuna-Mascaró, C., Sheta, L.M., Richardson, B.A., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2024, Environment predicts the maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone of rubber rabbitbrush: Evolution, v. 78, no. 2, p. 300-314, https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad207.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2023, Evolutionary constraints mediate extinction risk under climate change: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 4, p. 529-539, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14173.
Nielsen, D.P., Harrison, J.G., Byer, N.W., Faske, T.M., Parchman, T.L., Simison, W.B., and Matocq, M.D., 2022, The gut microbiome reflects ancestry despite dietary shifts across a hybrid zone: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14135.
Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., Friedline, C.J., and Eckert, A.J., 2022, Divergence amid recurring gene flow—Complex demographic histories for two North American pine species (Pinus pungens and P. rigida) fit growing expectations among forest trees: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 18, article no. 35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-022-01565-8.
Oswald, J.A., Roth, B., Faske, T.M., Allen, J.M., Mestre, C., Rivers-Pankratz, D., Van Norman, K., and Guralnick, R.P., 2022, Population genomics of Monadenia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Xanthonychidae) land snails reveals structuring but gene-flow across distinct species and morphotypes: Conservation Genetics, v. 23, p. 299-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01410-w.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Sheta, L.M., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2021, Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub: Evolutionary Adaptations, v. 14, no. 12, p. 2881-2900, https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13323.
Friedline, C.J., Faske, T.M., Lind, B.M., Hobson, E.M., Parry, D., Dyer, R.J., Johnson, D.S., Thompson, L.M., Grayson, K.L., and Eckert, A.J., 2019, Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient: Molecular Ecology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 2206-2223, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15069.
Faske, T.M., Thompson, L.M., Banahene, N., Levorse, A., Quiroga Herrera, M., Sherman, K., Timko, S.E., Yang, B., Gray, D.R., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Eckert, A.J., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2019, Can gypsy moth stand the heat? A reciprocal transplant experiment with an invasive forest pest across its southern range margin: Biological Invasions, v. 21, p. 1365–1378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1907-9.
May, C., Hillerbrand, N., Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Martinez, E., Parry, D., Agosta, S.J., and Grayson, K.L., 2018, Geographic variation in larval metabolic rate between northern and southern populations of the invasive gypsy moth: Journal of Insect Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey068.
Banahene, N., Salem, S.K., Faske, T.M., Byrne, H.M., Glackin, M., Agosta, S.J., Eckert, A.J., Grayson, K.L., and Thompson, L.M., 2018, Thermal sensitivity of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) during larval and pupal development: Environmental Entomology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 1623–1631, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy149.
Lind, B.M., Menon, M., Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., and Eckert, A.J., 2018, The genomics of local adaptation in trees—Are we out of the woods yet?: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 14, article no. 29, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1224-y.
**Royal Entomological Society Winner of Best Physical Entolomology Paper in 2017-2018:
Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Banahene, N., Grim, D., Agosta, S.J., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2017, Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species: Physiological Entomology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12190.
Grayson, K.L., Parry, D., Faske, T.M., Hamilton, A., Tobin, P.C., Agosta, S.J., and Johnson, D.M., 2015, Performance of wild and laboratory-reared gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): A comparison between foliage and artificial diet: Environmental Entomology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 864–873, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv063.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2024, Methodological and conceptual misunderstandings lead to invalid concerns: A response to von Schmalensee et al.: Ecology Letters, v. 27, no. 6, e14436, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14436.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Osuna-Mascaró, C., Sheta, L.M., Richardson, B.A., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2024, Environment predicts the maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone of rubber rabbitbrush: Evolution, v. 78, no. 2, p. 300-314, https://doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad207.
Garcia-Costoya, G., Williams, C.E., Faske, T.M., Moorman, J.D., and Logan, M.L., 2023, Evolutionary constraints mediate extinction risk under climate change: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 4, p. 529-539, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14173.
Nielsen, D.P., Harrison, J.G., Byer, N.W., Faske, T.M., Parchman, T.L., Simison, W.B., and Matocq, M.D., 2022, The gut microbiome reflects ancestry despite dietary shifts across a hybrid zone: Ecology Letters, v. 26, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14135.
Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., Friedline, C.J., and Eckert, A.J., 2022, Divergence amid recurring gene flow—Complex demographic histories for two North American pine species (Pinus pungens and P. rigida) fit growing expectations among forest trees: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 18, article no. 35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-022-01565-8.
Oswald, J.A., Roth, B., Faske, T.M., Allen, J.M., Mestre, C., Rivers-Pankratz, D., Van Norman, K., and Guralnick, R.P., 2022, Population genomics of Monadenia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Xanthonychidae) land snails reveals structuring but gene-flow across distinct species and morphotypes: Conservation Genetics, v. 23, p. 299-311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01410-w.
Faske, T.M., Agneray, A.C., Jahner, J.P., Sheta, L.M., Leger, E.A., and Parchman, T.L., 2021, Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub: Evolutionary Adaptations, v. 14, no. 12, p. 2881-2900, https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13323.
Friedline, C.J., Faske, T.M., Lind, B.M., Hobson, E.M., Parry, D., Dyer, R.J., Johnson, D.S., Thompson, L.M., Grayson, K.L., and Eckert, A.J., 2019, Evolutionary genomics of gypsy moth populations sampled along a latitudinal gradient: Molecular Ecology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 2206-2223, https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15069.
Faske, T.M., Thompson, L.M., Banahene, N., Levorse, A., Quiroga Herrera, M., Sherman, K., Timko, S.E., Yang, B., Gray, D.R., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Eckert, A.J., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2019, Can gypsy moth stand the heat? A reciprocal transplant experiment with an invasive forest pest across its southern range margin: Biological Invasions, v. 21, p. 1365–1378, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1907-9.
May, C., Hillerbrand, N., Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Martinez, E., Parry, D., Agosta, S.J., and Grayson, K.L., 2018, Geographic variation in larval metabolic rate between northern and southern populations of the invasive gypsy moth: Journal of Insect Science, v. 18, no. 4, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iey068.
Banahene, N., Salem, S.K., Faske, T.M., Byrne, H.M., Glackin, M., Agosta, S.J., Eckert, A.J., Grayson, K.L., and Thompson, L.M., 2018, Thermal sensitivity of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) during larval and pupal development: Environmental Entomology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 1623–1631, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvy149.
Lind, B.M., Menon, M., Bolte, C.E., Faske, T.M., and Eckert, A.J., 2018, The genomics of local adaptation in trees—Are we out of the woods yet?: Tree Genetics & Genomes, v. 14, article no. 29, no. 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-017-1224-y.
**Royal Entomological Society Winner of Best Physical Entolomology Paper in 2017-2018:
Thompson, L.M., Faske, T.M., Banahene, N., Grim, D., Agosta, S.J., Parry, D., Tobin, P.C., Johnson, D.M., and Grayson, K.L., 2017, Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species: Physiological Entomology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 181-190, https://doi.org/10.1111/phen.12190.
Grayson, K.L., Parry, D., Faske, T.M., Hamilton, A., Tobin, P.C., Agosta, S.J., and Johnson, D.M., 2015, Performance of wild and laboratory-reared gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): A comparison between foliage and artificial diet: Environmental Entomology, v. 44, no. 3, p. 864–873, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv063.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.