A female longhorn bee on ironweed

A female longhorn bee (Melissodes denticulata) that specializes on ironweed (Vernonia sp.) collects pollen from flowers near a neonicotinoid-treated soybean field in Missouri, USA. Neonicotinoid insecticides can negatively affect a range of non-target organisms including honeybees and aquatic invertebrates. However, less is understood about their potential impacts on functional groups and/or broad measures of arthropod performance including abundance, behavior, condition, reproductive success, and survival.