Average EPMA chemical analyses and calculated mineral formulas.
Detailed Description
Table 2. Average EPMA chemical analyses and calculated mineral formulas of selected unexpanded vermiculite ores.
Notes: Compositions of bulk samples not individual minerals. n = number of microprobe spot analyses collected on multiple mica flakes used to calculate the averaged composition of each sample. ---- = not enough cation Al and/or Mg to assign to this site. Cation sites were filled according to Deer et al. (1966). Spectral results are consistent with some Mg in the Louisa sample occupying interlayer sites.
a Essential water = total water (released from 25 to 950 °C) minus absorbed water (released at ≤70 °C).
b Proportion of Fe3+ and Fe2+ calculated from Mössbauer analysis.
c Spectral absorptions near 3625 cm-1 indicate the presence of octahedral layer vacancies in ALB1VA00 and Zonolite® 4, with trace levels in the other two selected samples, indicating that more Mg resides in the interlayer site than is shown in the table above.
d Interlayer water molecules per formula unit = essential water minus 4(OH) water equivalent.
Sources/Usage
Public Domain.
Characterizing the source of potentially asbestos-bearing commercial vermiculite insulation using in situ IR spectroscopy
Swayze, G.A., Lowers, H.A., Benzel, W.M., Clark, R.N., Driscoll, R.L., Perlman, Z.S., Hoefen, T.M., and Dyar, M.D., 2018, American Mineralogist, v. 103, p. 517-549.
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6022
Abstract:
Commercially produced vermiculite insulation from Libby, Montana, contains trace
levels of asbestiform amphibole, which is known to cause asbestos-related diseases. When
vermiculite insulation is found in a building, evaluation for its potential asbestos content
traditionally involves collecting a sample from an attic or wall and submitting it for potentially
time-consuming analyses at an off-site laboratory. The goal of this study was to determine if in
situ near-infrared reflectance measurements could be used to reliably identify the source of
vermiculite ore and therefore its potential to contain asbestos. Spectra of 52 expanded ore
samples, including attic insulation, commercial packing materials, and horticultural products
from Libby, Montana; Louisa, Virginia; Enoree, South Carolina; Palabora, South Africa; and
Jiangsu, China, were measured with a portable spectrometer. The mine sources for these
vermiculite ores were identified based on collection location, when known, and on differences in
elemental composition as measured by electron probe microanalysis. Reflectance spectra of the
insulation samples show vibrational overtone and combination absorptions that vary in
wavelength position and relative intensity depending on elemental composition and proportions
of their constituent micas (i.e., vermiculite ore usually consists of a mixture of hydrobiotite and
vermiculite mineral flakes). Band depth ratios of the 1.38/2.32-, 1.40/1.42-, and 2.24/2.38-µm
absorptions allow determination of a vermiculite insulation’s source and detection of its potential
to contain amphibole, talc, and/or serpentine impurities. Spectroscopy cannot distinguish
asbestiform vs non-asbestiform amphiboles. However, if the spectrally determined mica
composition and mineralogy of an insulation sample is consistent with ore from Libby, then it is
likely that some portion of the sodic-calcic amphibole it contains is asbestiform, given that all of
the nearly two dozen Libby vermiculite insulation samples examined with scanning electron
microscopy in this study contain amphiboles. One sample of expanded vermiculite ore from
multiple sources was recognized as a limitation of the spectral method, therefore an additional
test (i.e., 2.24-µm absorption position vs 2.24/2.38-µm band depth) was incorporated into the
spectral method to eliminate misclassification caused by such mixtures. With portable field
spectrometers, the methodology developed can be used to determine vermiculite insulation’s
source and estimate its potential amphibole content, thereby providing low-cost analysis with
onsite reporting to property owners.