March 2024 — Hualālai GPS Survey

At each location of the Hualālai campaign survey, a GPS unit is placed on a levelled tripod centered over a benchmark on the ground surface (pictured here at station KIPA on Kipahe'e crater). The precise location of the GPS is recorded by the receiver, housed in the yellow box. The GPS position can be compared to previous years that the benchmark was occupied by GPS units to determine subtle patterns of ground deformation. These data augment the permanent, continuously recording GPS instruments in HVO's monitoring network. USGS photo by A. Flinders.