Determining forage availability and use patterns for bison in the Hayden Valley of Yellowstone National Park

In our original Proposal, we identified 4 objectives:

1. Delineate seasonal forage use patterns by bison in the Hayden Valley;

2. Determine long and short term effects of ungulate foraging on vegetation in the Hayden Valley;

3. Determine efficacy of vegetation monitoring approaches;

4. Estimate annual production and standing crop available during non-growing seasons
for herbaceous and shrub layers in major habitat types in the Hayden Valley.

Our efforts to describe forage use by bison focused on assessing finer scale habitat use is a core summer range for bison in YNP. We also collected information on bison food
habits and forage quality to begin to explain the “whys” of bison distribution.

Short-term impacts of bison forage utilization were addressed by comparing standing biomass in plots protected from grazing with plots exposed to grazing. Historical data were not available to directly address long-term effects of ungulate foraging in the Hayden Valley, but we were able to indirectly assess some aspects of this question by determining the frequency of repeat grazing over a 3-year period and the rate at which trees along the margins of the Hayden Valley were being killed by bison rubbing

The third objective, determining the relative efficacy of different vegetation monitoring approaches, was accomplished by comparing estimates of standing biomass and biomas: utilization obtained via conventional exclosure techniques with estimates based on remote sensing techniques (ground-based and satellite-borne multi-spectral radiometry|[MSR]). We addressed efficacy in terms of precision and accuracy of estimates, reliability, and logistical costs at different coverage scales.

The fourth objective, estimation of forage available for ungulates in the Hayden Valley, was achieved using conventional exclosure methodology and remote sensing. We were able to estimate herbaceous biomass production during 3 different years. Exclosures allowed us to estimated changes instanding crop of herbaceous vegetation at the plant community (conventional cover types, moisture plant growth form groups, and communities defined by dominant graminoids) and catena (a repeating sequence of communities tied to landscape physiognomy) scales. We developed empirical approaches that allowed us to estimate standing biomass of herbaceous plants from reflectance data obtained from ground-based and satellite-borne multi-spectral radiometry (MSR) units. We demonstrated the potential to estimate biomass of shrubs using the same approaches. We did not have time and resources to complete vegetation maps that would optimize estimates from remote sources, but we have outlined procedures that can be followed in the future to obtain biomass estimates at the landscape scale.