Velocity modeling of supercritical pore fluids through porous media under reservoir conditions with applications for petroleum secondary migration and carbon sequestration plumes

Computational methods to characterize secondary migration in porous media traditionally rely on fluid transport equations with assumptions of time invariance, such as flowpath modeling of buoyancy vectors, statistical percolation algorithms, capillary pressure curves, or a form of Darcy’s Law which presumes instantaneous fluid transport. However, in petroleum systems modeling, the timeframe of secondary migration from source to reservoir is important to quantify in relation to other geologic factors such as timing of petroleum generation, fault movement, and seal formation. Additionally, quantifying migration velocities enables an estimation of the distance a plume of geologically sequestered carbon dioxide travels over time, as well as the identification of low-permeability strata appropriate for long-term containment. This study introduces a method to quantify transport velocities of supercritical fluids in low-permeability lithologies for a broad range of rock and fluid properties likely encountered in the sedimentary sequence. A time-dependent form of Darcy’s Law for pressure-driven viscous flow through homogeneous isotropic porous media was used to model flow velocities within a carrier bed. Thermodynamic equations of state were used to determine thermophysical properties of supercritical pore fluids under reservoir pressures ranging from 0–200 MPa (0–29,000 psi) to constrain the momentum equations. Three case studies were examined that (1) estimated fluid flow velocities of methane within the low-permeability Upper Jurassic Haynesville Formation, (2) defined permeability-based flow units to evaluate saline formations for long-term geologic carbon sequestration, and (3) calculated the migration distance of carbon dioxide plumes at the Decatur, Illinois injection and sequestration project.