Anthony M Pagano, Ph.D.
Ecophysiology, spatial ecology, and behavior of large mammals
Professional Experience
2022 - Present Research Wildlife Biologist USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
2021 - 2022 Post-doctoral Researcher Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
2018 - 2021 Post-doctoral Researcher Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California
2008 - 2018 Wildlife Biologist USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
Education and Certifications
Ph.D. 2018 University of California, Santa Cruz Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
M.S. 2007 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Wildlife Conservation
B.A. 2002 Northeastern University, Boston, MA Biology and History
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 13
Satellite Location and Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014 Satellite Location and Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014
This data package includes 2 child items with location and activity data from adult female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014. Child Item 1: "GPS and Argos Location Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014" Child Item 2: "Tri-axial Accelerometer and Conductivity Sensor Data from Adult Female Polar...
Bioelectrical Impedance, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Morphological Measures of Southern Beaufort Sea Female Polar Bears, Spring 2014-2016 Bioelectrical Impedance, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Morphological Measures of Southern Beaufort Sea Female Polar Bears, Spring 2014-2016
This dataset contains data from the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis and deuterium injection as methods to estimate the body composition of female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation. Data are provided on bioelectrical impedance resistance measures, the enrichment level of deuterium oxide that was injected and measured in blood samples, and morphological...
Metabolic Rate, Body Composition, Foraging Success, Behavior, and GPS Locations of Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus), Beaufort Sea, Spring, 2014-2016 and Resting Energetics of an Adult Female Polar Bear Metabolic Rate, Body Composition, Foraging Success, Behavior, and GPS Locations of Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus), Beaufort Sea, Spring, 2014-2016 and Resting Energetics of an Adult Female Polar Bear
This data package includes 5 child items with data from 9 female polar bears without dependent young in the southern Beaufort Sea in April 2014-2016. Child Item 1: "Doubly-labeled Water, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Blood Biochemistry Data from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea by the USGS in April 2014-2016" Child Item 2: "Resting Metabolic Rates of...
Energetic Costs of Locomotion in Bears Energetic Costs of Locomotion in Bears
This dataset contains measures of tri-axial acceleration, oxygen consumption, and kinematic measures from two captive polar bears and seven captive grizzly bears resting and walking in a metabolic chamber.
Locations Collected 1985-2015 from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) with Dependent Young Instrumented in the Southern Beaufort Sea with Satellite-linked Transmitters by the USGS Locations Collected 1985-2015 from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) with Dependent Young Instrumented in the Southern Beaufort Sea with Satellite-linked Transmitters by the USGS
This dataset contains a select subset of Argos and GPS locations collected by satellite data collection systems from collared adult female polar bears that were instrumented in the southern Beaufort Sea between 1985-2015.
Measures of Oxygen Consumption and Stroke Frequency of a Captive Subadult Female Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) while Resting in Water and Swimming and Diving in a Metabolic Water Flume, Oregon Zoo, 2017 Measures of Oxygen Consumption and Stroke Frequency of a Captive Subadult Female Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) while Resting in Water and Swimming and Diving in a Metabolic Water Flume, Oregon Zoo, 2017
This dataset contains measures of oxygen consumption and stroke frequency from 1 captive subadult female polar bear (166.5 kg) resting in the water (n = 7 sessions) and swimming and diving in a metabolic swim flume with water circulated at approximately 0.6 km/hr during swimming and diving measurements (n = 6 sessions) in September 2017.
Filter Total Items: 33
Polar bear energetic and behavioral strategies on land with implications for surviving the ice-free period Polar bear energetic and behavioral strategies on land with implications for surviving the ice-free period
Declining Arctic sea ice is increasing polar bear land use. Polar bears on land are thought to minimize activity to conserve energy. Here, we measure the daily energy expenditure (DEE), diet, behavior, movement, and body composition changes of 20 different polar bears on land over 19–23 days from August to September (2019–2022) in Manitoba, Canada. Polar bears on land exhibited a 5.2...
Authors
Anthony M. Pagano, Karyn D. Rode, Nicholas J. Lunn, David McGeachy, Stephen N. Atkinson, Sean D. Farley, Joy A. Erlenbach, Charles T. Robbins
Lactation performance in polar bears is associated with fasting time and energetic state Lactation performance in polar bears is associated with fasting time and energetic state
Females must continually make resource allocation decisions because of fitness trade-offs between self-maintenance and investment in current offspring, yet factors underpinning these decisions are unresolved. Polar bears Ursus maritimus face considerable allocation challenges when seasonal sea-ice melt precludes access to prey for several months, and females rely solely on energy stores...
Authors
Louise C. Archer, Stephen N. Atkinson, Anthony M. Pagano, Stephanie R. Penk, Peter K. Molnar
Incremental evolution of modeling a prognosis for polar bears in a rapidly changing Arctic Incremental evolution of modeling a prognosis for polar bears in a rapidly changing Arctic
Updating predictions of the response of high-profile, at-risk species to climate change and anthropogenic stressors is vital for informing effective conservation action. Here, we review two prior generations of Bayesian network probability models predicting changes in global polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population status, and provide a contemporary update based on recent research...
Authors
Bruce G. Marcot, Todd C. Atwood, David C. Douglas, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Anthony M. Pagano, Steven C. Amstrup
A body composition model with multiple storage compartments for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) A body composition model with multiple storage compartments for polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Climate warming is rapidly altering Arctic ecosystems. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) need sea ice as a platform from which to hunt seals, but increased sea-ice loss is lengthening periods when bears are without access to primary hunting habitat. During periods of food scarcity, survival depends on the energy that a bear has stored in body reserves, termed storage energy, making this a...
Authors
Stephanie R. Penk, Pranav Sadana, Louise C. Archer, Anthony M. Pagano, Marc R. L. Cattet, Nicholas J. Lunn, Gregory W. Thiemann, Peter K. Molnar
Observed and forecasted changes in land use by polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985–2040 Observed and forecasted changes in land use by polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985–2040
Monitoring changes in the distribution of large carnivores is important for managing human safety and supporting conservation. Throughout much of their range, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are increasingly using terrestrial habitats in response to Arctic sea ice decline. Their increased presence in coastal areas has implications for bear-human conflict, inter-species interactions, and...
Authors
Karyn D. Rode, David C. Douglas, Todd C. Atwood, George M. Durner, Ryan R. Wilson, Anthony M. Pagano
Long-term variation in polar bear body condition and maternal investment relative to a changing environment Long-term variation in polar bear body condition and maternal investment relative to a changing environment
In the Arctic, warming air and ocean temperatures have resulted in substantial changes to sea ice, which is primary habitat for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Reductions in extent, duration, and thickness have altered sea ice dynamics, which influences the ability of polar bears to reliably access marine mammal prey. Because nutritional condition is closely linked to population vital...
Authors
Todd C. Atwood, Karyn D. Rode, David C. Douglas, Kristin S. Simac, Anthony Pagano, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin
Non-USGS Publications**
Pagano, A.M., A.M. Carnahan, C.T. Robbins, M.A. Owen, T. Batson, N. Wagner, A.
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Pagano, A.M., G.M. Durner, K.D. Rode, T.C. Atwood, S.N. Atkinson, E. Peacock, D.P.
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Pagano, A. M., Rode, K. D., Cutting, A., Owen, M. A., Jensen, S., Ware, J. V., Robbins, C. M., Durner, G. M., Atwood, T. C., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., Thiemann, G. W., and Williams, T. M., 2017, Using tri-axial accelerometers to identify wild polar bear behaviors: Endangered Species Research vol. 32 p. 19-33. doi: 10.3354/esr00779
Ware, J. V., Rode, K. D., Bromaghin, J. F., Douglas, D. C. Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., Amstrup, S. C., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Olson, J. W., Robbins, C. T. and Jansen, H. T., 2017, Habitat degradation affects the summer activity of polar bears: Oecologia vol. 184 no. 1 p. 87-89. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3839-y
Wiig, Ø., Born, E. W., Laidre, K. L., Dietz, R., Jensen, M. V., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Regehr, E. V., St. Martin, M., Atkinson, S. N., and Dyck, M., 2017, Performance and retention of lightweight satellite radio tags applied to the ears of polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Animal Biotelemetry vol. 5 no. 9. doi: 10.1186/s40317-017-0124-0
Sequeira, A.M.M., J.P. Rodríguez, V.M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernández-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M.R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A.M.M. Baylis, M.L. Berumen, C.D. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L.D. Einoder, A. Friedlaender, M.E. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M.M.C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P.W. Robinson, S.A. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G.B. Skomal, S.R. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, and M. Thums. 2018. Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 115 no. 12 p.3072-3077. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716137115
Pagano, A.M., K.D. Rode, and S.N. Atkinson. 2017. Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears. Ursus vol. 28 no. 2 p.171-181. doi: 10.2192/URSU-D-16-00029.1
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Detection probabilities for ground-based breeding waterfowl surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 3 p. 392-398. doi: 10.2193/2007-411
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Estimating detection probabilities of waterfowl broods from ground-based surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 5 p. 686-694. doi: 10.2193/2007-524
Arnold, T. W., Pagano, A. M., Devries, J. H., Emery, R. B., Howerter, D. W., and Joynt, B. L., 2008, Social indices of breeding productivity in parkland mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 72 no. 1 p. 224-230. doi: 10.2193/2007-035
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 13
Satellite Location and Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014 Satellite Location and Tri-Axial Accelerometer Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014
This data package includes 2 child items with location and activity data from adult female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014. Child Item 1: "GPS and Argos Location Data from Adult Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea, April-October 2014" Child Item 2: "Tri-axial Accelerometer and Conductivity Sensor Data from Adult Female Polar...
Bioelectrical Impedance, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Morphological Measures of Southern Beaufort Sea Female Polar Bears, Spring 2014-2016 Bioelectrical Impedance, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Morphological Measures of Southern Beaufort Sea Female Polar Bears, Spring 2014-2016
This dataset contains data from the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis and deuterium injection as methods to estimate the body composition of female polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation. Data are provided on bioelectrical impedance resistance measures, the enrichment level of deuterium oxide that was injected and measured in blood samples, and morphological...
Metabolic Rate, Body Composition, Foraging Success, Behavior, and GPS Locations of Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus), Beaufort Sea, Spring, 2014-2016 and Resting Energetics of an Adult Female Polar Bear Metabolic Rate, Body Composition, Foraging Success, Behavior, and GPS Locations of Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus), Beaufort Sea, Spring, 2014-2016 and Resting Energetics of an Adult Female Polar Bear
This data package includes 5 child items with data from 9 female polar bears without dependent young in the southern Beaufort Sea in April 2014-2016. Child Item 1: "Doubly-labeled Water, Deuterium Dilution, Body Mass, and Blood Biochemistry Data from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea by the USGS in April 2014-2016" Child Item 2: "Resting Metabolic Rates of...
Energetic Costs of Locomotion in Bears Energetic Costs of Locomotion in Bears
This dataset contains measures of tri-axial acceleration, oxygen consumption, and kinematic measures from two captive polar bears and seven captive grizzly bears resting and walking in a metabolic chamber.
Locations Collected 1985-2015 from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) with Dependent Young Instrumented in the Southern Beaufort Sea with Satellite-linked Transmitters by the USGS Locations Collected 1985-2015 from Female Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) with Dependent Young Instrumented in the Southern Beaufort Sea with Satellite-linked Transmitters by the USGS
This dataset contains a select subset of Argos and GPS locations collected by satellite data collection systems from collared adult female polar bears that were instrumented in the southern Beaufort Sea between 1985-2015.
Measures of Oxygen Consumption and Stroke Frequency of a Captive Subadult Female Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) while Resting in Water and Swimming and Diving in a Metabolic Water Flume, Oregon Zoo, 2017 Measures of Oxygen Consumption and Stroke Frequency of a Captive Subadult Female Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) while Resting in Water and Swimming and Diving in a Metabolic Water Flume, Oregon Zoo, 2017
This dataset contains measures of oxygen consumption and stroke frequency from 1 captive subadult female polar bear (166.5 kg) resting in the water (n = 7 sessions) and swimming and diving in a metabolic swim flume with water circulated at approximately 0.6 km/hr during swimming and diving measurements (n = 6 sessions) in September 2017.
Filter Total Items: 33
Polar bear energetic and behavioral strategies on land with implications for surviving the ice-free period Polar bear energetic and behavioral strategies on land with implications for surviving the ice-free period
Declining Arctic sea ice is increasing polar bear land use. Polar bears on land are thought to minimize activity to conserve energy. Here, we measure the daily energy expenditure (DEE), diet, behavior, movement, and body composition changes of 20 different polar bears on land over 19–23 days from August to September (2019–2022) in Manitoba, Canada. Polar bears on land exhibited a 5.2...
Authors
Anthony M. Pagano, Karyn D. Rode, Nicholas J. Lunn, David McGeachy, Stephen N. Atkinson, Sean D. Farley, Joy A. Erlenbach, Charles T. Robbins
Lactation performance in polar bears is associated with fasting time and energetic state Lactation performance in polar bears is associated with fasting time and energetic state
Females must continually make resource allocation decisions because of fitness trade-offs between self-maintenance and investment in current offspring, yet factors underpinning these decisions are unresolved. Polar bears Ursus maritimus face considerable allocation challenges when seasonal sea-ice melt precludes access to prey for several months, and females rely solely on energy stores...
Authors
Louise C. Archer, Stephen N. Atkinson, Anthony M. Pagano, Stephanie R. Penk, Peter K. Molnar
Incremental evolution of modeling a prognosis for polar bears in a rapidly changing Arctic Incremental evolution of modeling a prognosis for polar bears in a rapidly changing Arctic
Updating predictions of the response of high-profile, at-risk species to climate change and anthropogenic stressors is vital for informing effective conservation action. Here, we review two prior generations of Bayesian network probability models predicting changes in global polar bear (Ursus maritimus) population status, and provide a contemporary update based on recent research...
Authors
Bruce G. Marcot, Todd C. Atwood, David C. Douglas, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin, Anthony M. Pagano, Steven C. Amstrup
A body composition model with multiple storage compartments for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) A body composition model with multiple storage compartments for polar bears (Ursus maritimus)
Climate warming is rapidly altering Arctic ecosystems. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) need sea ice as a platform from which to hunt seals, but increased sea-ice loss is lengthening periods when bears are without access to primary hunting habitat. During periods of food scarcity, survival depends on the energy that a bear has stored in body reserves, termed storage energy, making this a...
Authors
Stephanie R. Penk, Pranav Sadana, Louise C. Archer, Anthony M. Pagano, Marc R. L. Cattet, Nicholas J. Lunn, Gregory W. Thiemann, Peter K. Molnar
Observed and forecasted changes in land use by polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985–2040 Observed and forecasted changes in land use by polar bears in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, 1985–2040
Monitoring changes in the distribution of large carnivores is important for managing human safety and supporting conservation. Throughout much of their range, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are increasingly using terrestrial habitats in response to Arctic sea ice decline. Their increased presence in coastal areas has implications for bear-human conflict, inter-species interactions, and...
Authors
Karyn D. Rode, David C. Douglas, Todd C. Atwood, George M. Durner, Ryan R. Wilson, Anthony M. Pagano
Long-term variation in polar bear body condition and maternal investment relative to a changing environment Long-term variation in polar bear body condition and maternal investment relative to a changing environment
In the Arctic, warming air and ocean temperatures have resulted in substantial changes to sea ice, which is primary habitat for polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Reductions in extent, duration, and thickness have altered sea ice dynamics, which influences the ability of polar bears to reliably access marine mammal prey. Because nutritional condition is closely linked to population vital...
Authors
Todd C. Atwood, Karyn D. Rode, David C. Douglas, Kristin S. Simac, Anthony Pagano, Jeffrey F. Bromaghin
Non-USGS Publications**
Pagano, A.M., A.M. Carnahan, C.T. Robbins, M.A. Owen, T. Batson, N. Wagner, A.
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Pagano, A.M., G.M. Durner, K.D. Rode, T.C. Atwood, S.N. Atkinson, E. Peacock, D.P.
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Pagano, A. M., Rode, K. D., Cutting, A., Owen, M. A., Jensen, S., Ware, J. V., Robbins, C. M., Durner, G. M., Atwood, T. C., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., Thiemann, G. W., and Williams, T. M., 2017, Using tri-axial accelerometers to identify wild polar bear behaviors: Endangered Species Research vol. 32 p. 19-33. doi: 10.3354/esr00779
Ware, J. V., Rode, K. D., Bromaghin, J. F., Douglas, D. C. Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., Amstrup, S. C., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Olson, J. W., Robbins, C. T. and Jansen, H. T., 2017, Habitat degradation affects the summer activity of polar bears: Oecologia vol. 184 no. 1 p. 87-89. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3839-y
Wiig, Ø., Born, E. W., Laidre, K. L., Dietz, R., Jensen, M. V., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Regehr, E. V., St. Martin, M., Atkinson, S. N., and Dyck, M., 2017, Performance and retention of lightweight satellite radio tags applied to the ears of polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Animal Biotelemetry vol. 5 no. 9. doi: 10.1186/s40317-017-0124-0
Sequeira, A.M.M., J.P. Rodríguez, V.M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernández-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M.R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A.M.M. Baylis, M.L. Berumen, C.D. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L.D. Einoder, A. Friedlaender, M.E. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M.M.C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P.W. Robinson, S.A. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G.B. Skomal, S.R. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, and M. Thums. 2018. Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 115 no. 12 p.3072-3077. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716137115
Pagano, A.M., K.D. Rode, and S.N. Atkinson. 2017. Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears. Ursus vol. 28 no. 2 p.171-181. doi: 10.2192/URSU-D-16-00029.1
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Detection probabilities for ground-based breeding waterfowl surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 3 p. 392-398. doi: 10.2193/2007-411
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Estimating detection probabilities of waterfowl broods from ground-based surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 5 p. 686-694. doi: 10.2193/2007-524
Arnold, T. W., Pagano, A. M., Devries, J. H., Emery, R. B., Howerter, D. W., and Joynt, B. L., 2008, Social indices of breeding productivity in parkland mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 72 no. 1 p. 224-230. doi: 10.2193/2007-035
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.