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To conduct the Hualālai campaign survey, HVO staff requested permission from land managers before navigating to benchmarks cemented into the ground surface. Data collected at each location will together provide a picture of how the ground surface of Hualālai volcano has changed since the previous survey in 2015.

HVO chief field engineer sets up a campaign GPS GNSS unit at station KEHU on Ka'upulehu crater as part of the ongoing Hualālai survey.

At each location of the Hualālai campaign survey, a GPS unit is placed on a levelled tripod centered over a benchmark on the ground surface (pictured here at station KIPA on Kipahe'e crater). The precise location of the GPS is recorded by the receiver, housed in the yellow box.

The HVO geodetic network manager sets up a campaign GPS unit at station KIPA on Kipahe'e crater (elevation 2331 m or 7647 ft) of Hualālai. USGS photo by A. Flinders.

The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory technician team did maintenance on the Hualālai repeater station during the week of April 10, 2023. This photo shows the team walking towards the site, which is an important telemetry hub for Hawaiian Volcano Observatory volcano monitoring data. Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa are visible in the background. USGS image by M. Warren.

A Hawaiian Volcano Observatory technician replaces batteries on the Hualālai repeater station. The station, which relays monitoring signals from nearby stations back the observatory, is powered by batteries that store energy generated by solar panels. USGS image by M. Warren.