Bolivia

Bolivia was the world's fourth-ranked producer of silver

Pictured: silver-bismuth ore

Statistics and information on the mining industry in Bolivia.

Overview

In 2024, Bolivia was the world’s fourth-ranked producer of silver (accounting for 5.9% of global production); antimony (4.5%); and tungsten (2.1%); sixth-ranked producer of tin (7.2%); seventh-ranked producer of zinc (4.3%); and eighth-ranked producer of lead (2.4%). Other mineral commodities produced in the country included (but were not limited to) arsenic trioxide, barite, bismuth, boron (ulexite), cement, clay, copper, gemstones, gold, gypsum, iron ore, rock salt, and tantalum.

In 2024, according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística [National Institute of Statistics], Bolivia’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was \$39.9 billion. The metallic and nonmetallic mineral industries were valued at about \$2.7 billion, which contributed an estimated 7% to Bolivia’s GDP. The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Bolivia is provided by law No. 535 (Ley de Minería y Metalurgia [Law of Mining and Metallurgy]) of May 28, 2014, and law No. 928 (Ley de la Empresa Pública Nacional Estratégica de Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos [Law of the National Public Company for Bolivian Lithium Deposits]) of April 2017. The main Government agency in Bolivia overseeing the mineral industry is the Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia [Ministry of Mining and Metallurgy]. Other Government agencies included the Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera (AJAM) [Mining Administrative Jurisdictional Authority], Corporación Minera de Bolivia [Mining Corporation of Bolivia] (COMIBOL) and its subsidiaries, the Centro de Investigaciones Minero Metalúrgicas [Mining and Metallurgical Research Center] (CEIMM), the Fondo de Apoyo a la Reactivación de la Minería Chica [Support Agency for the Reestablishment of Small-Scale Mining] (FAREMIN), the Fondo de Financiamiento para la Minería Cooperativa [Fund for the Financing of Cooperative Mining] (FOFIM), the Servicio Nacional de Registro y Control de la Comercialización de Minerales y Metales [Service for the Registration and Control of the Marketing of Minerals and Metals] (SENARECOM), and the Servicio Geológico Minero [Bolivian Geological Survey] (SERGEOMIN). Most mineral commodities in Bolivia were produced by a combination of artisanal or small-scale miners, domestic private companies, and Government-owned companies.

In 2024, Orvana Minerals Corp. of Canada, through its subsidiary Empresa Minera Paititi S.A. (EMIPA), secured part of the funds for the Oxides Stockpile Project (OSP) expansion project and started the construction phase onsite. Yacimientos de Litio Bolivanos (YLB) Corp. announced an agreement reached with the Uranium One Group of Russia to build a lithium plant at an estimated cost of \$976 million. The Government of Bolivia signed a contract with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL) Bolivia Consortium (CBC Investments) of China for the construction of two lithium carbonate plants for a combined capacity of 35,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of lithium carbonate at an estimated cost of $1 billion.

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction

In 2024, Bolivia was the world’s fourth-ranked producer of silver (accounting for 5.9% of global production), antimony (4.5%), and tungsten (2.1%); sixth-ranked producer of tin, 7.2%; seventh-ranked producer of zinc, 4.3%; and eighth-ranked producer of lead, 2.4%. Other mineral commodities produced in the country included (but were not limited to) arsenic trioxide, barite, bismuth, boron (ulexite), cement, clay, copper, gemstones, gold, gypsum, iron ore, rock salt, and tantalum. Bolivia did not have any identified lithium reserves but had an estimated 23 million metric tons of identified resources. Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1) (Jaskula, 2025, 2026; Friedline, 2026a, b; Klochko, 2026a, b; Hartingh, 2026; Tolcin, 2026).

Minerals in the National Economy

In 2024, according to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística [National Institute of Statistics], Bolivia’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was \$39.9 billion.¹ The metallic and nonmetallic mineral industries were valued at about \$2.7 billion, which contributed an estimated 7% to Bolivia’s GDP (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2024).

Government Policies and Programs

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Bolivia is provided by law No. 535 (Ley de Minería y Metalurgia [Law of Mining and Metallurgy]) of May 28, 2014, and law No. 928 (Ley de la Empresa Pública Nacional Estratégica de Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos [Law of the National Public Company for Bolivian Lithium Deposits]) of April 2017. The Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia [Ministry of Mining and Metallurgy] is the agency responsible for directing and developing the mining and metallurgical industries in Bolivia. The Ministry also oversees the implementation of policies and regulations that make up the framework for metallurgical mining activities in the country. Law No. 535 establishes the guidelines and procedures for granting, holding, and revoking mining rights, and the guidelines for the development of projects, and the continuation of mining and metallurgical activities in a responsible, planned, and sustainable manner (Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera, 2019, p. 5–8, 21, 32).

Law No. 928 was established to create the State-owned company Yacimientos de Litio Bolivanos (YLB) Corp., which operates under the Ministry of Energy. YLB is responsible for carrying out all activities related to the development of the country’s lithium resources, which include prospecting, exploration, development, mining, processing, commissioning, operation, administration, industrialization, and commercialization of evaporite resources (Centro de Documentación e Información Bolivia, 2017, p. 1–2). More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—South America, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/south….

Production

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).

Structure of the Mineral Industry

In addition to the functions carried out by the Ministry of Mining and Metallurgy in the mining sector, other entities that participated in the administration of the minerals sector are the Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera [Mining Administrative Jurisdictional Authority] (AJAM), which manages and supervises mining activities in the country and maintains the mining registry. Corporación Minera de Bolivia [Mining Corporation of Bolivia] (COMIBOL) and its subsidiaries oversee all Government-owned mining companies. The Servicio Geológico Minero [Bolivian Geological Survey] (SERGEOMIN), Centro de Investigaciones Minero Metalúrgicas [Mining and Metallurgical Research Center] (CEIMM), and Servicio Nacional de Registro y Control de la Comercialización de Minerales y Metales [Service for the Registration and Control of the Marketing of Minerals and Metals] (SENARECOM) register and control the commercialization of minerals and metals. The Fondo de Apoyo a la Reactivación de la Minería Chica [Support Agency for the Reestablishment of Small-Scale Mining] (FAREMIN, and Fondo de Financiamiento para la Minería Cooperativa [Fund for the Financing of Cooperative Mining] (FOFIM) serve as the financial benefactors by granting loans to the mining sector (Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, 2018, p. 43; Servicio Nacional de Registro y Control de Comercialización de Minerales y Metales (SENARECOM), 2022).

COMIBOL oversees other mining activities, such as mineral refining and smelting, as well as the exploration and prospecting for, and the mining of, minerals, metals, and precious and semiprecious stones present in the mining areas under COMIBOL’s administration and its subsidiary companies. COMIBOL’s partially or wholly owned mines included the Coro Coro Mine [Korea Mine Rehabilitation & Mineral Resources Corp. (KOMIR) of the Republic of Korea (53%) and COMIBOL through Empresa Minera Corocoro (47%)]; the Huanuni Mine (COMIBOL, 100%, through its subsidiary Empresa Minera Huanuni); the Bolivar and Porco indium-lead-silver-zinc mines [a joint venture between COMIBOL (55%) and through Sociedad Minera Illapa S.A. (45%)]; and the Colquiri Mine for indium, silver, tin, and zinc (COMIBOL, 100%, through Empresa Minera Colquiri). The Empresa Minera San Cristóbal S.A. operated the San Cristóbal lead-silver-zinc mine. The Sinchi Wayra S.A. operated the Colquechaquita, the Reserva, and the Tres Amigos Mines, which mainly produced tin and zinc (with some lead and silver). Most mineral commodities in Bolivia were produced by a combination of artisanal or small-scale miners, domestic private companies, and Government-owned companies (Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, 2018, p. 56; Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL), 2026). The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities.

Mineral Trade

The total value of Bolivia’s exports decreased in 2024 by about 17.2% to $9 billion from \$10.9 billion in 2023. The value of nonfuel mineral exports, which included antimony, copper, gold, lead, silver, tin, tungsten, zinc, and other minerals, decreased by 19.9% to about \$4.5 billion from \$5.6 billion in 2023 and accounted for 49.4% of total exports. In 2024, Bolivia exported the following mineral commodities, ranked in terms of value: zinc (a total of \$1.4 billion, an increase of about 7% compared with that in 2023, and represented 31.6% of total mineral exports), silver (a total of \$1.3 billion, an increase of 33% compared with that in 2023, and represented 29.6% of total mineral exports), gold (a total of \$693.3 million, which was a decrease of 72% compared with that in 2023, and represented 15.5% of total mineral exports), and tin (a total of \$528.1 million, an increase of 37% compared with that in 2023, and represented 11.8% of total mineral exports). China was the leading destination for Bolivia’s mineral exports in 2024, accounting for 12% of total exports by value, followed by Japan, 7.8%; the Republic of Korea, 6%; Belgium, 4.1%; India, 4%; the United Arab Emirates, 3.3%; and the Netherlands, 2.5% (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2025b; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025a).

In 2024, exports of copper increased by 25.6% to 2,843 t from 2,263 t; followed by antimony exports, by 21.4% to 4,543 t; tin exports, by 18.9% to 17,701 t; tungsten exports, by 12.1% to 2,127 t; lead exports, by 11.5% to 110,972 t; and silver exports, by 10.3% to 1,464 t (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2025b).

In 2024, the value of goods imported into Bolivia decreased by 16% to \$9.9 billion from about \$11.8 billion in 2023. The import value of commodities related to the mineral industry (such as construction materials, mining equipment and machinery, and mining products) was about \$2.4 billion, which was equivalent to about 24.5% of the country’s total imports in 2024, compared with about \$2.9 billion in 2023. The leading countries of origin of total imports into Bolivia in 2024 were China (which supplied 22% of Bolivia’s imports), Brazil (14%), Argentina (11%), Peru (10%), the United States (8%), and Chile (6%). These countries together accounted for about 72% of the total value of imports (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2025a; Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025b).

Commodity Review

Copper, Gold, and Silver.—Orvana Minerals Corp. of Canada, through its subsidiary Empresa Minera Paititi S.A. (EMIPA), operated the Don Mario Mine complex, which consisted of an open pit gold-copper-silver mine, located in the Santa Cruz Department in southeastern Bolivia. The Don Mario property consisted of an area of 53,325 hectares. The Don Mario Mine was put in care-and-maintenance status in 2020, while transitioning to the Oxides Stockpile Project (OSP), which consisted of a plant expansion to facilitate the processing of ore stockpiled from years of mining activity (Orvana Minerals Corp., 2024, p. 7, 11).

In 2024, the OSP reached two main goals, which involved securing part of the funds for the expansion project and starting the construction phase onsite. The partial funds were achieved by placing bonds in the Bolivian Stock Market and by issuing EMIPA preferred shares for a total net proceed of \$27.7 million. In 2024, the company continued working to secure the remaining funds required for the construction and the commencement phases of the project, it developed various financing sources, which included equity at the Bolivian subsidiary’s level, offering additional bonds in the country’s stock market, private investments, among other strategies. In 2024, Orvana reported that all permit conditions have been satisfied for the Don Mario Mine to restart and it awarded the contracts to begin construction. The construction phase was scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2025 and be completed by the end of 2025, provided the remaining funds had been secured. Orvana projected the Don Mario Mine to restart production in 2026. Additionally, the company was evaluating the possibility of reprocessing the tailings that have been accumulated in the Don Mario Tailings Storage Facility. It was estimated that the processing of the Oxides Stockpile, and the reprocessing of tailings could add around 6 or 7 years of mine life to Don Mario, while allowing the company to pursue exploration opportunities in the property. The Don Mario property contains an exploration land package that consists of 10 areas, which includes, in addition to Don Mario, the Álvaro, the Flor de Mayo, the La Aventura, the La Tercera, the Las Tojas, the Minerva, the Mónica, the Oscar, and the Sena Quina areas (Orvana Minerals Corp., 2024, p. 7, 11).

Pan American Silver Corp. of Canada, through its subsidiary, Compañía Minera PAS (Bolivia) S.A., operated the San Vicente Mine, which is an underground polymetallic mine located in the Potosi Department. Pan American Silver owned 95% of the mine and the remaining 5% was owned by COMIBOL. In 2024, silver production at the San Vicente Mine increased by 4.4% to 96,700 kg (reported as 3.109 million troy ounces) compared with 92,630 kg (reported as 2.978 million troy ounces) in 2023. Silver production from the San Vicente Mine accounted for 6.5% of Bolivia’s total silver mine output in 2024. The mine also produced 900 t of lead (a 10% decrease compared with that in 2023), 600 t of copper (about the same compared with that in 2023), and 9,600 t of zinc (a decrease of 1%). Pan American Silver attributed the increase in silver production to higher silver grades from mine sequencing (Pan American Silver Corp., 2025, p. 13, 31).

Lithium—In September, YLB announced an agreement reached with the Uranium One Group of Russia to build a lithium plant at an estimated cost of \$976 million. The plant, to be located south of the Uyuni salt flats in the Llipi sector of the Potosi Department, will use direct lithium extraction technology combined with carbonation. The plant will have a starting production rate of 1,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of certified battery grade lithium, and a designed capacity of 14,000 t/yr at full capacity. According to YLB, the direct lithium extraction technology has a recovery rate of 80% lithium, compared with the traditional evaporation ponds, which yield about 12% lithium recovery (Grove, 2024).

In November, the Government of Bolivia signed a contract with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL) Bolivia Consortium (CBC Investments) of China, a Chinese consortium led by CATL that manufactures electric vehicle batteries. The contract, which was valued at $1 billion, was for the construction of two lithium carbonate plants, one designed to produce 10,000 t/yr of lithium carbonate, and another with a designed capacity to produce 25,000 t/yr of battery-grade lithium carbonate. CBC will be in charge of the construction of the plants, which will be designed to use direct lithium extraction technology, and will be located in the Salar de Uyuni salt flats. YLB will have a 51% stake in the project (Emery, 2024; Ramos, 2024).

Production table

Table includes data available through April 30, 2026. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
In addition to the commodities listed, bismuth, indium, iron ore, manganese and a variety of industrial minerals (clays, crushed and broken stone, dimension stone, lime, sand and gravel, native sulfur, and quartz) may have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.
	Antimony, mine, ore	Antimony, refinery, metal and trioxide	Arsenic trioxide	Barite	Bismuth, mine, ore	Bismuth, refinery	Boron, boric acid	Boron, ulexite, natural	Cement, hydraulic	Clinker	Bentonite	Copper, mine, concentrates	Copper, refinery, leaching, electrowon	Copper, mine, solvent extraction	Gemstones, amethyst, rough	Gemstones, ametrine, boliviarite, rough	Gold, mine	Gold, refinery, metal	Gypsum, crude	Iron ore, mine	Iron ore, mine	Lead, mine	Lead, refinery, primary	Lead, refinery, secondary	Tantalum, mine, concentrate	Tantalum, mine, concentrate	Potash	Salt, rock salt	Silver, mine	Silver, refinery, primary	Tin, mine	Tin, smelter, primary, ore	Tungsten, mine, concentrates	Zinc, mine
Commodity Unit	Sb content	Sb content	Gross weight	Gross weight	Bi content	Bi content	Gross weight	Gross weight	Gross weight	Gross weight	Gross weight	Cu content	Cu content	Cu content	Gross weight	Gross weight	Au content	Au content	Gross weight	Fe content	Gross weight	Pb content	Gross weight	Gross weight	Gross weight	Ta content	K₂O content	Gross weight	Ag content	Ag content	Sn content	Gross weight	W content	Zn content
Unit	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Kilograms	Kilograms	Kilograms	Kilograms	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Kilograms	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Kilograms	Kilograms	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons	Metric tons
2020 Production	2,629	2,049	50	9,611	0	55	124	258,019	3,206,834	1,650,000	0	1,076	1,746	1,746	431,578	1,061	23,207	1,100	15	17,300	26,576	64,619	186	3,000	26,588	7	24,000	14,949	929,909	182,742	14,709	10,414	1,347	359,695
2021 Production	3,084	2,171	100	26,781	23	50	2,966	309,940	3,606,959	1,800,000	2,461	1,616	1,694	1,694	510,983	14,937	42,816	2,200	38	19,000	29,222	93,246	326	3,000	18,991	1	27,000	21,777	1,289,456	180,469	19,628	16,258	1,563	499,536
2022 Production	3,453	2,401	35	48,952	3	0	1,519	293,996	3,888,571	1,900,000	5,057	2,213	1,395	1,395	421,993	1,859	53,286	2,558	2,865	242,000	372,305	90,115	213	4,000	39,208	2	30,000	15,042	1,214,301	162,543	17,613	14,825	1,358	518,480
2023 Production	3,884	2,246	0	54,509	0	58	6,068	321,185	3,977,361	1,950,000	0	2,241	1,640	1,640	343,678	2,948	46,534	2,200	89	145,000	223,359	102,937	59	4,000	17,115	1	75,000	21,478	1,350,216	151,007	18,693	14,928	1,505	491,768
2024 Production	4,817	2,567	0	67,788	12	10	9,519	375,382	4,059,121	1,990,000	2,167	2,877	2,066	2,066	421,993	1,859	21,390	1,000	4,646	288,000	440,347	112,809	284	4,000	50,486	4	50,000	36,984	1,486,251	143,070	21,163	17,702	1,687	518,266
Footnotes		Exported production.	Exported production.														May include production of metallic gold.												May include production of metallic silver.

References Cited

Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera, 2019, Ley no. 535 ley de minería y metalurgia [Law no. 535 of mining and metallurgy]: La Paz, Bolivia, Autoridad Jurisdiccional Administrativa Minera, 185 p. (Accessed May 22, 2026, at https://www.autoridadminera.gob.bo/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Ley-535-d….) [In Spanish.]

Banco Central de Bolivia, 2025a, Composición de las importaciones según uso o destino económico [Composition of imports according to use or economic destination]; La Paz, Bolivia, Banco Central de Bolivia, 1 p. (Accessed May 5, 2026, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/webdocs/sector_externo/A%20Comercio%20Internacio….) [In Spanish.]

Banco Central de Bolivia, 2025b, Exportaciones por producto [Exports by product]: La Paz, Bolivia, Banco Central de Bolivia, 2 p. (Accessed May 5, 2026, via https://www.bcb.gob.bo/?q=content/sector-externo-0.) [In Spanish.]

Centro de Documentación e Información Bolivia, 2017, Ley de la empresa pública nacional estratégica de Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos—YLB [Law of the strategic national public company YLB]: Cochabamba, Bolivia, Centro de Documentación e Información Bolivia, April 27. (Accessed May 22, 2026, at https://www.cedib.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Ley-928-27-abril-2017….) [In Spanish.]

Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL), 2026, Historia de la COMIBOL: La Paz, Bolivia, Corporación Minera de Bolivia. (Accessed May 22, 2026, at https://www.comibol.gob.bo/index.php/institucional/historia-de-la-comib….)

Emery, Alexander, 2024, Bolivia signs $1 billion lithium deal with China’s CBC Investments: S&P Global, Metals & Mining Theme, non-ferrous, November 26. (Accessed May 15, 2026, at https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/metals/112….)

Friedline, C.A., 2026a, Tin: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 194–195.

Friedline, C.A., 2026b, Tungsten: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 200–201.

Grove, Leo, 2024, Bolivia and Russia partner on $1bn lithium plant: Linköping, Sweden, Company news, BatteryJuniors.com, September 12. (Accessed May 18, 2026, at https://batteryjuniors.com/2024/09/12/bolivia-and-russia-partner-on-1bn….)

Hartingh, A.M., 2026, Silver: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 172–173.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2024, Bolivia—Valor agregado bruto a precios corrientes según actividad económica 1988–2024 [Gross added value at current prices according to economic activity, 1988–2024]: Miraflores, Bolivia, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Accessed May 5, 2026, at https://nube.ine.gob.bo/index.php/s/oee1Le448PGgDlP/download.) [In Spanish.]

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025a, Bolivia—Exportaciones según país destino y principales productos por mes y año 2010–2026, en millones de dólares estadounidenses [Exports by country destination and major products, by month and year (2010–2026), in millions of US dollars]: Miraflores, Bolivia, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Accessed May 5, 2026, at https://nube.ine.gob.bo/index.php/s/UM0CTaUNXnPUSX4/download.) [In Spanish.]

Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025b, Bolivia—Importaciones según país de origen por año 1992–2026, en millones de dólares [Imports by country of origin by year (1992–2026), in millions of US dollars]: Miraflores, Bolivia, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Accessed May 5, 2026, at https://nube.ine.gob.bo/index.php/s/PIKeAYbOtD47sAY/download.) [In Spanish.]

Jaskula, B.W., 2025, Lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, p. 110–111.

Jaskula, B.W., 2026, Lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 118–119.

Klochko, Kateryna, 2026a, Antimony: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 42–43.

Klochko, Kateryna, 2026b, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 114–115.

Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, 2018, Compendio normativo minero metalúrgico [Compendium of mining and metallurgical regulations]: La Paz, Bolivia, Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, June, 507 p. (Accessed May 22, 2026, at https://www.senarecom.gob.bo/files/leyes/Compendio_Normativo_Minero_Met….) [In Spanish.]

Orvana Minerals Corp., 2024, Annual information form 2024: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Orvana Minerals Corp., December 27, 103 p. (Accessed May 26, 2026, at https://s2.q4cdn.com/372236871/files/doc_financials/2024/ar/Orvana-AIF-….)

Pan American Silver Corp., 2025, 2024 annual report: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Pan American Silver Corp., March, 116 p. (Accessed May 22, 2026, at https://panamericansilver.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/PAS-Annual-Rep….)

Ramos, Daniel, 2024, Bolivia says China’s CBC to invest $1 billion in lithium plants: Thomson Reuters, November 26. (Accessed May 15, 2026, at https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/bolivia-says-chinas-cbc-inv….)

Servicio Nacional de Registro y Control de Comercialización de Minerales y Metales (SENARECOM), 2022, Misión y visión [Mission and visión]: La Paz, Bolivia, Servicio Nacional de Registro y Control de Comercialización de Minerales y Metales. (Accessed May 15, 2026, at https://www.senarecom.gob.bo/institucion-mision-vision.php.)

Tolcin, A.C., 2026, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 212–213.

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