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Reports on materials flow -- the movement of materials through a supply chain, from extraction to processing to finished product.

2025 List of Critical Minerals

2025 List of Critical Minerals

2022 Critical Minerals Review

2022 Critical Minerals Review

Materials flow in the United States

Materials flow in the United States

U.S. Foreign Reliance on Critical Minerals

U.S. Foreign Reliance on Critical Minerals

Commodities


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Aggregates

Aggregates from Natural and Recycled Sources

Recycled Aggregates -- Profitable Resource Conservation

Sociocultural Dimensions of Supply and Demand for Natural Aggregate - Examples from the Mid-Atlantic Region, United States
 

Aluminum

Aluminum Recycling in the United States in 2000

Aluminum Stocks in Use in Automobiles in the United States

The Global Flow of Aluminum 2006 to 2025
 

Antimony

Antimony Recycling in the United States in 2000
 

Arsenic

Arsenic and Old Waste

Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets

The Materials Flow of Arsenic in the United States
 

Barite

Barite - A Case Study of Import Reliance on an Essential Material for Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Drilling
 

Beryllium

Beryllium Recycling in the United States in 2000

Beryllium—A Critical Mineral Commodity—Resources, Production, and Supply Chain (2016)
 

Cadmium

Cadmium (Materials Flow)

Cadmium Recycling in the United States in 2000

Flow of Cadmium from Rechargeable Batteries in the United States, 1996-2007 (2007)

Material Use in the United States—Selected Case Studies for Cadmium, Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel in Rechargeable Batteries (2008)
 

Cement

Crushed Cement Concrete Substitution for Construction Aggregates 

 

Chromium

Chromium Recycling in the United States in 1998

Chromium Life Cycle Study
 

Cobalt

China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and artisanal cobalt mining from 2000 through 2020

Cobalt Mineral Exploration and Supply From 1995 Through 2013 

Cobalt Recycling in the United States in 1998

The Materials Flow of Cobalt in the United States

Material Use in the United States—Selected Case Studies for Cadmium, Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel in Rechargeable Batteries (2008)

 

Columbium (Niobium)

Columbium (Niobium) Recycling in the United States in 1998
 

Copper

Copper Recycling in the United States in 2004

Estimated Water Requirements for the Conventional Flotation of Copper Ores (2012)

Flows of Selected Materials Associated with World Copper Smelting (2004)

Physical Aspects of Waste Storage from a Hypothetical Open Pit Porphyry Copper Operation

United States Copper Metal and Scrap Use and Trade Patterns, 1995-2014 (2016)
 

Gallium

Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets (2012)
 

Gemstones

Gemstones -- An Overview of Production of Specific U.S. Gemstones

 

Germanium

Germanium Recycling in the United States in 2000 (2005)

 

Gold

Conflict Minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Gold Supply Chain (2015)

Estimated Water Requirements for Gold Heap-leach Operations (2012)

Events Affecting Gold Exploration in Venezuela Since 1999 (2014)

Gold Recycling in the United States in 1998 
 

Graphite

Natural Graphite Demand and Supply - Implications for Electric Vehicle Battery Requirements
 

Gypsum

Industrial minerals and sustainability: By-products from SO2 mitigation as substitutes for mined mineral commodities
 

Indium

Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets (2012)

Materials Flow of Indium in the United States in 2008 and 2009 
 

Iron and Steel

Iron and Steel Recycling in the United States in 1998

Steel Stocks in Use in Automobiles in the United States (2005)
 

Lead

Apparent Consumption vs. Total Consumption—A Lead-Acid Battery Case Study (2006)

Comparison of the U.S. Lead Recycling Industry in 1998 and 2011 (2014)

Lead Recycling in the United States in 1998

Lead Scrap Use and Trade Patterns in the United States,1995–2012 (2015)

Stocks and Flows of Lead-Based Wheel Weights in the United States (2006)
 

Lithium

Lithium use in batteries

Material Use in the United States—Selected Case Studies for Cadmium, Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel in Rechargeable Batteries (2008)

 

Magnesium

Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998 In Circular 1196

 

Manganese

Manganese Materials Flow Patterns

Manganese Recycling in the United States in 1998
 

Mercury

Changing Patterns in the Use, Recycling, and Material Substitution of Mercury in the United States (2013)

Materials Flow of Mercury in the Economies of the United States and the World

Materials Flow of Mercury in the United States

Mercury Flow Through the Mercury-Containing Lamp Sector of the Economy of the United States (2006)

Mercury Recycling in the United States in 2000 (2005)

 

Molybdenum

Molybdenum Recycling in the United States in 1998
 

Nickel

Material Use in the United States—Selected Case Studies for Cadmium, Cobalt, Lithium, and Nickel in Rechargeable Batteries (2008)

Nickel Recycling in the United States in 2004 
 

Niobium

Embedded critical material flow: The case of niobium, the United States, and China

 

Palladium

Global Exploration and Production Capacity for Platinum-Group Metals from 1995 Through 2015 (2012)

Platinum Recycling in the United States in 1998

Platinum-Group Metals--World Supply and Demand (2004)

Recent Strikes in South Africa's Platinum-Group Metals Mines and Effects Upon World PGM Supplies (2012)
 

Rare Earths

Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets (2012)

Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources in Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43

Potential for recovery of cerium contained in automotive catalytic converters (2013)

Preliminary Estimates of the Quantities of Rare-Earth Elements Contained in Selected Products and in Imports of Semimanufactured Products to the United States, 2010 (2013)

Rare Earth Elements—End Use and Recyclability (2011)

Salt

The Material Flow of Salt

 

Selenium

Selenium Recycling in the United States in 2004
 

Silica

Frac Sand in the United States--A Geological and Industry Overview (2015)

 

Silver

The Lifecycle of Silver in the United States in 2009 (2013)

Silver Recycling in the United States in 2000

 

Sulfur

Industrial minerals and sustainability: By-products from SO2 mitigation as substitutes for mined mineral commodities

Materials Flow of Sulfur
 

Tantalum

An Exploration in Mineral Supply Chain Mapping Using Tantalum as an Example (2013)

Conflict Minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo--Global Tantalum Processing Plants, a Critical Part of the Tantalum Supply Chain (2014)

Shift in Global Tantalum Mine Production, 2000 to 2014 (2015)

Tantalum Recycling in the United States in 1998

 

Tin

Conflict Minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Tin Processing Plants, a Critical Part of the Tin Supply Chain (2015)

Tin Recycling in the United States in 1998
 

Titanium

Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources in Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43

Titanium Recycling in the United States in 2004
 

Tungsten

Conflict Minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Global Tungsten Processing Plants, a Critical Part of the Tungsten Supply Chain (2014)

International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report - Tungsten

Materials Flow of Tungsten in the United States

Tungsten Recycling in the United States in 2000 
 

Vanadium

The Materials Flow of Vanadium in the United States

Vanadium recycling in the United States in 2004 
 

Zinc

Historical Zinc Smelting in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C., with Estimates of Atmospheric Zinc Emissions and Other Materials (2010)

The Materials Flow of Zinc in the United States 1850-1990

Zinc Recycling in the United States in 1998

 

General

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