Materials Flow
Reports on materials flow -- the movement of materials through a supply chain, from extraction to processing to finished product.
2025 List of Critical Minerals
2022 Critical Minerals Review
Materials flow in the United States
U.S. Foreign Reliance on Critical Minerals
Commodities
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Aggregates
Aggregates from Natural and Recycled Sources
Recycled Aggregates -- Profitable Resource Conservation
Aluminum
Aluminum Recycling in the United States in 2000
Aluminum Stocks in Use in Automobiles in the United States
The Global Flow of Aluminum 2006 to 2025
Antimony
Antimony Recycling in the United States in 2000
Arsenic
The Materials Flow of Arsenic in the United States
Barite
Beryllium
Beryllium Recycling in the United States in 2000
Beryllium—A Critical Mineral Commodity—Resources, Production, and Supply Chain (2016)
Cadmium
Cadmium Recycling in the United States in 2000
Flow of Cadmium from Rechargeable Batteries in the United States, 1996-2007 (2007)
Cement
Crushed Cement Concrete Substitution for Construction Aggregates
Chromium
Chromium Recycling in the United States in 1998
Cobalt
China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and artisanal cobalt mining from 2000 through 2020
Cobalt Mineral Exploration and Supply From 1995 Through 2013
Cobalt Recycling in the United States in 1998
The Materials Flow of Cobalt in the United States
Columbium (Niobium)
Columbium (Niobium) Recycling in the United States in 1998
Copper
Copper Recycling in the United States in 2004
Estimated Water Requirements for the Conventional Flotation of Copper Ores (2012)
Flows of Selected Materials Associated with World Copper Smelting (2004)
Physical Aspects of Waste Storage from a Hypothetical Open Pit Porphyry Copper Operation
United States Copper Metal and Scrap Use and Trade Patterns, 1995-2014 (2016)
Gallium
Gemstones
Gemstones -- An Overview of Production of Specific U.S. Gemstones
Germanium
Germanium Recycling in the United States in 2000 (2005)
Gold
Conflict Minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Gold Supply Chain (2015)
Estimated Water Requirements for Gold Heap-leach Operations (2012)
Events Affecting Gold Exploration in Venezuela Since 1999 (2014)
Gold Recycling in the United States in 1998
Graphite
Natural Graphite Demand and Supply - Implications for Electric Vehicle Battery Requirements
Gypsum
Indium
Materials Flow of Indium in the United States in 2008 and 2009
Iron and Steel
Iron and Steel Recycling in the United States in 1998
Steel Stocks in Use in Automobiles in the United States (2005)
Lead
Apparent Consumption vs. Total Consumption—A Lead-Acid Battery Case Study (2006)
Comparison of the U.S. Lead Recycling Industry in 1998 and 2011 (2014)
Lead Recycling in the United States in 1998
Lead Scrap Use and Trade Patterns in the United States,1995–2012 (2015)
Stocks and Flows of Lead-Based Wheel Weights in the United States (2006)
Lithium
Magnesium
Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998 In Circular 1196
Manganese
Manganese Materials Flow Patterns
Manganese Recycling in the United States in 1998
Mercury
Changing Patterns in the Use, Recycling, and Material Substitution of Mercury in the United States (2013)
Materials Flow of Mercury in the Economies of the United States and the World
Materials Flow of Mercury in the United States
Mercury Flow Through the Mercury-Containing Lamp Sector of the Economy of the United States (2006)
Mercury Recycling in the United States in 2000 (2005)
Molybdenum
Molybdenum Recycling in the United States in 1998
Nickel
Nickel Recycling in the United States in 2004
Niobium
Embedded critical material flow: The case of niobium, the United States, and China
Palladium
Global Exploration and Production Capacity for Platinum-Group Metals from 1995 Through 2015 (2012)
Platinum Recycling in the United States in 1998
Platinum-Group Metals--World Supply and Demand (2004)
Recent Strikes in South Africa's Platinum-Group Metals Mines and Effects Upon World PGM Supplies (2012)
Rare Earths
Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources in Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43
Potential for recovery of cerium contained in automotive catalytic converters (2013)
Rare Earth Elements—End Use and Recyclability (2011)
Salt
Selenium
Selenium Recycling in the United States in 2004
Silica
Frac Sand in the United States--A Geological and Industry Overview (2015)
Silver
The Lifecycle of Silver in the United States in 2009 (2013)
Silver Recycling in the United States in 2000
Sulfur
Tantalum
An Exploration in Mineral Supply Chain Mapping Using Tantalum as an Example (2013)
Shift in Global Tantalum Mine Production, 2000 to 2014 (2015)
Tantalum Recycling in the United States in 1998
Tin
Tin Recycling in the United States in 1998
Titanium
Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources in Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43
Titanium Recycling in the United States in 2004
Tungsten
International Strategic Mineral Issues Summary Report - Tungsten
Materials Flow of Tungsten in the United States
Tungsten Recycling in the United States in 2000
Vanadium
The Materials Flow of Vanadium in the United States
Vanadium recycling in the United States in 2004
Zinc
The Materials Flow of Zinc in the United States 1850-1990
Zinc Recycling in the United States in 1998
General
- Critical Minerals Draft List 2025
- Critical Minerals Review 2022
- Mineral Commodity Review 2022
- Critical Minerals Review 2021
- Methodology and Technical Input for the 2021 Review and Revision of the U.S. Critical Minerals List
- 20th Century U.S. Mineral Prices Decline in Constant Dollars
Open-File Report 00-389 - A Note on Scrap in the 1992 U.S. Input-Output Tables
Open-File Report 00-313 - Assessment of Critical Minerals: Updated Application of an Early-warning Screening Methodology
Mineral Economics, October 2017, Volume 30 - Byproduct Metals and Rare-Earth Elements Used in the Production of Light-Emitting Diodes—Overview of Principal Sources of Supply and Material Requirements for Selected Markets
Scientific Investigations Report 2012-5215 - Byproduct mineral commodities used for the production of photovoltaic cells
Circular 1365 - Comparison of U.S. Net Import Reliance for Nonfuel Mineral Commodities--A 60-year Retrospective (1954-1984-2014)
Fact Sheet 2015-3082 - Compilation of Geospatial Data for the Mineral Industries and Related Infrastructure of Latin America and the Caribbean
Open-File Report 2017-1079 - Consumption of Materials in the United States, 1900-1995
- Critical Mineral Resources of the United States--Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply
Professional Paper 1802 - Drivers of U.S. Mineral Demand
Open-File Report 2006-1025 - The Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak and the Mineral Sectors of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone
Fact Sheet 2015–3033 - Economic Drivers of Mineral Supply
Open-File Report 02-335 - Effects of Regulation and Technology on End Uses of Nonfuel Mineral Commodities in the United States
Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5194 - Estimates of Electricity Requirements for the Recovery of Mineral Commodities, with Examples Applied to Sub-Saharan Africa
Open-File Report 2011–1253 - Estimates of Immediate Effects on World Markets of a Hypothetical Disruption to Russia’s Supply of Six Mineral Commodities
Open-File Report 2017-1023 - Evaluating the Mineral Commodity Supply Risk of the U.S. Manufacturing Sector - Risk tool identified 23 mineral commodities whose supply poses the greatest risk, including those used in consumer electronics, renewable energy, aerospace, and defense applications.
- Flow Studies for Recycling Metal Commodities in the United States
Circular 1196 (Supersedes Open-File Report 2005-1051) - Global Flows of Metals and Minerals
Open-File Report 2008–1355 - Global Stocks of Selected Mineral-based Commodities
Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5152 - Global Trends in Mineral Commodity Supplies: Implications for U.S. Economic and National Security Interests
Reprint from Journal of Explosives Engineering - Coastal Deposits of Heavy mineral Sands; Global Significance and U.S. Resources
Mining Engineering, v. 68, no. 10, p. 36-43 - International Mineral Exploration Activities From 1995 Through 2004
Data Series 139 - International Mineral Exploration Activities From 1995 Through 2009
- "Materials", a report by the U.S. Interagency Working Group on Industrial Ecology, Material and Energy Flows.
- Materials and Energy Flows in the Earth Science Century
Circular 1194 - Materials in the Economy -- Material Flows, Scarcity, and the Environment
Circular 1221 - Materials Flow and Sustainability (PDF)
Fact Sheet 068-98 - Metal Prices in the United States through 2010
Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5188 - Metal Stocks in Use in the United States
Fact Sheet 2005-3090 - Mines and Mineral Processing Facilities in the Vicinity of the March 11, 2011, Earthquake in Northern Honshu, Japan
Open-File Report 2011–1069 - Mining Review--Annual Review 2017
Mining Engineering, v.70, no.5, May, p.51-60 - Mining Review--Annual Review 2018
Mining Engineering, v.71, no.5, May, p.51-60 - Minor Metals and Renewable Energy - Diversifying America’s Energy Sources
Fact Sheet 2017-3061 - Natural Hazards and Mineral Commodity Supply: Quantifying Risk of Earthquake Disruption to South American Copper Supply
Resources Policy, Volume 63, October 2019 - North American Net Import Reliance of Mineral Materials in 2014 for Advanced Technologies
Mining Engineering, 2018, Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 107-112. - Obsolete Computers, 'Gold Mine,' or High-Tech Trash? Resource Recovery from Recycling
Fact Sheet 060-01 - Policy -- A Factor Shaping Minerals Supply and Demand
Open-File Report 02-418 - Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth
- Recent Trends in Cuba's Mining and Petroleum Industries
Fact Sheet 2015–3032 - Recent Trends in the Nonfuel Minerals Industry of Iran
Circular 1421 - Recycled Cell Phones—A Treasure Trove of Valuable Metals
Fact Sheet 2006-3097 - Resource Nationalism in Indonesia—Effects of the 2014 Mineral Export Ban
Fact Sheet 2016-3072 - Review of selected global mineral industries in 2011 and an outlook to 2017
Open-File Report 2013-1091 - Sociocultural and Institutional Drivers and Constraints to Mineral Supply
Open-File Report 02-333 - Technological Advancement -- A Factor in Increasing Resource Use
Open-File Report 01-197 - Total Materials Consumption: An Estimation Methodology and Example Using Lead – A Materials Flow Analysis
Circular 1183 - Use of Raw Materials in the United States from 1900 through 2014
Fact Sheet 2017-3062 - Wind Energy in the United States and Materials Required for the Land-based Wind Turbine Industry from 2010 through 2030
Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5036