Brazil

Introduction 

In 2024, Brazil was the world’s leading producer of niobium, accounting for 93% of global production; and the second-ranked producer of beryllium, 18%; iron ore, 17%; magnesite, 9%; and silicon metal, 4%. Brazil was the third-ranked producer of vermiculite, 11%; talc and pyrophyllite, 9%; alumina, 8%; graphite and ferrosilicon, 4% each; and magnesium metal, 2%; the fourth-ranked producer of asbestos, 18%; tin, 9%; bauxite and tantalum, 8% each; and vanadium, 4%. Brazil was the fifth-ranked producer of lime, 2%; the sixth-ranked producer of lithium, 5%; manganese, 4% and pig iron, 2%; and the seventh-ranked producer of chromium, 3%; phosphate rock, 2%; and fluorspar, 1%. Brazil was the eighth-ranked producer of gypsum, 4%; and nickel, 2%; and the ninth-ranked producer of aluminum, cement, and raw steel, 2% each (Instituto Aço Brasil, 2025, p. 10, 20; Brioche, 2026; Crangle, 2026; Flanagan, 2026; Friedline, 2026a–c; Hartingh, 2026; Hatfield, 2026; Jasinski, 2026; Jaskula, 2026; Kim, 2026; Londono, 2026a–c; MacGregor, 2026; Merrill, 2026a, b; Polyak, 2026; Schnebele, 2026; Schulte, 2026; Simmons, 2026; Stewart, 2026a, b; Tuck, 2026a, b). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

Brazil’s mineral production in 2024 was valued at \$50.3 billion,¹ compared with \$49.7 billion in 2023. The main commodities that contributed to Brazil’s revenue from the mining sector were iron ore (\$29.8 billion, or 59.4% of mining revenue), gold (\$4.4 billion, 8.8%), copper (\$3.8 billion, 7.5%), dolomite (\$1.7 billion, 3.4%), granite (\$1.4 billion, 2.8%), and bauxite (\$1.1 billion, 2.1%). According to the Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração [Brazilian Mining Institute] (IBRAM), there were 221,696 workers employed directly in the extractive mining industry (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração, 2025a; 2025b, p. 2, 5–6). 

Government Policies and Programs 

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Brazil is provided by the Brazilian Mining Code, Decree-Law No. 227/67. The Agência Nacional de Mineração [National Mining Agency] (ANM), the Ministério de Minas e Energia [Ministry of Mines and Energy] (MME), and the Serviço Geológico do Brasil [Geological Survey of Brazil] (SGB) oversee the mineral industry. The ANM manages and regulates all mining activity and mineral resources across the country, excluding hydrocarbons (oil and gas) and nuclear substances. The MME is responsible for formulating and managing public policies for the energy, geology, mining, and energy transition sectors. The SGB generates and disseminates geoscientific information in support of public policies and the economy; it also monitors water resources and manages response to natural disasters in the country (Agência Nacional de Mineração, 2026; Ministério de Minas e Energia, 2026; Serviço Geológico do Brasil, 2026).  

The Projeto de Lei, PL No. 957/2024 (Bill No. 957/2024) is a legislative proposal introduced in March to thoroughly amend the Mining Code (Decree-Law No. 227/67) and related mining laws. PL No. 957/2024 aims to expedite and simplify the process to grant mining authorizations, concessions, and permits. It also proposes the legalization of small-scale mining and introduces a new permit called the Surface Mining Permit. The new permit allows small-scale mining in areas that might overlap with pre-existing mining rights held by a third party to allow smaller prospectors access to explore areas where large companies have held mining claims without production. PL No. 957/2024 also proposes regulatory restructuring, which transfers the authority to grant mining authorizations, concessions, and permits to ANM from MME, except for strategic minerals, the mining of which will continued under MME (Câmara dos Deputados, 2024). 

Bill 2780/2024 was introduced in July and proposes a new mining policy to create the National Policy on Critical and Strategic Minerals (PNMCE) and the creation of the National Council for the Industrialization of Critical and Strategic Minerals (CIMCE). This Bill also calls for incentives to process critical minerals domestically and emphasizes national sovereignty by decreasing dependence on the foreign supply chain (Mendo and Pellegrino de Sourza, 2024). More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—South America, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/south…;

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).  

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

Most mineral commodities in Brazil were produced by a combination of artisanal or small-scale miners, domestic private companies, private companies in partnership with the Government, and Government-owned companies. In 2024, Vale S.A., through its subsidiaries in Brazil, produced copper, gold, iron ore, manganese, and nickel across various projects throughout the country. Eternit Group, through its subsidiary Sociedade Anônima Mineração de Amianto S.A. (SAMA), owned the Cana Brava asbestos mine. Bauxite was produced by Alcoa Inc. subsidiaries, Alcoa Alumínio S.A. and Alcoa World Alumina Brasil Ltda.; Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio (CBA, a subsidiary of Votorantim S.A.); Mineração Paragominas S.A. (a subsidiary of Norsk Hydro ASA), and Mineração Rio do Norte S.A. (a subsidiary of a consortium led by Glencore International AG). Votorantim Group of Brazil owned various mining facilities in Brazil, including two mines (Vazante and Morro Agudo) and two metallurgy operations (Juiz de Fora and Tres Marias) located in the Minas Gerais State. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities. 

Mineral Trade 

Brazil’s mineral exports in 2024 were valued at \$43.43 billion compared with \$43.04 billion in 2023; mineral exports accounted for 12.9% of total exports of \$337.04 billion. Iron ore accounted for about 69% of the total value of mineral exports with \$29.8 billion, followed by copper (\$4.2 billion, 9.7%), gold (\$3.96 billion, 9.1%), niobium (\$2.4 billion, 5.5%), and dimension stones (\$1.3, 3%). In terms of value, iron ores were exported to China (which received 71.2% of the country’s iron ore exports), Malaysia (5.3%), Oman (3.2%), Japan (3.1%), Bahrain (2.7%), the Netherlands (2.5%), and the Republic of Korea (1.7%). In terms of value, gold was exported to Canada (which received 47.5% of the country’s gold exports), Switzerland (25.9%), the United Kingdom (12.2%), the United States (4.9%), India (6.1%), the United Arab Emirates (4.8%), and Germany (3.5%). In terms of value, Brazil’s main export partners were China (which received 28.5% of the country’s total exports), the United States (12%), Mexico (2.3%), and Canada, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (2% each) (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração, 2025a; b, p. 7–8, 24; Ministério da Economia, 2026). 

Brazil’s mineral imports in 2024 were valued at \$8.48 billion compared with about \$11 billion in 2023; mineral imports accounted for 3.2% of total imports valued at \$262.5 billion. Potassium accounted for the largest share of mineral imports by value, 45% or \$3.8 billion, followed by coal (37%, \$3.1 billion), sulfur (3%, \$248.4 million), zinc (2%, \$155.6 million), and phosphate rock (2%, \$155 million). By value, potassium was imported from Russia (which supplied 38% of Brazil’s potassium imports), Canada (34%), Uzbekistan (10%), Israel (7.3%), and Germany (4%). By value, coal was imported from the United States (which supplied 41% of Brazil’s coal imports), Australia (31%), Colombia (18%), and Russia (6%). In terms of value, Brazil’s main import partners were China, which supplied 25% of the country’s total imports, the European Union (18%), and the United States (15.5%) (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração, 2025a; 2025b, p. 8, 25, 27; Ministério da Economia, 2026). 

Commodity Review 

Copper.—Mined copper production in Brazil increased to 379,304 metric tons (t) in 2024 from 376,326 t in 2023. Vale, through its subsidiary Salobo Metais, S.A., was the leading producer of copper concentrates in Brazil in 2024; it produced copper concentrates at its Salobo and Sossego open pit mines located in Carajas in Para State. In 2024, the Salobo Mine produced 199,800 t of copper, an increase of about 11% compared with 180,400 t of copper in 2023. The Sossego Mine produced 65,400 t of copper, a decrease of about 2% compared with 66,800 t of copper in 2023. In 2024, Vale announced the conclusion of the expansion of the copper beneficiation processing plant line, Salobo III. The existing plant consisted of two lines called Salobo I and II, each of which had a nominal processing capacity of 12 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of copper ore. The Salobo III expansion provided a third line with a nominal processing capacity of 12 Mt/yr to increase the total processing capacity to 36 Mt/yr (Production table and Facilities table; Vale S.A., 2025, p. 82, 84). 

In April, Ero Copper Corp. of Canada announced the commencement of mine operations as part of the Tucumã Project, which was a copper concentrate operation located in Para State. The Tucumã Operation comprised of an open pit mine in an iron oxide copper gold deposit. The ore was processed in the copper sulfide processing facility in western Carajas that had a processing capacity of 4 Mt/yr of ore. The first salable copper concentrate was produced in July 2024, and the project was expected to reach commercial production in mid-2025 (Ero Copper Corp., 2024; 2026). 

Gold.—Total gold production in Brazil decreased by about 4% to 82,285 kilograms (kg) in 2024 from 85,505 kg (revised) in 2023. In Brazil, Vale produced 12,659 kg of gold from the Salobo and Sossego Mines, which accounted for 15% of the country’s total gold production in 2024. Gold production from the Salobo Mine increased by 13.5% to 11,259 kg of gold from 9,922 kg of gold in 2023, while production from the Sossego Mine decreased by 2% to 1,400 kg of gold from 1,431 kg of gold in 2023 (Production table and Facilities table; Vale S.A., 2025, p. 87). 

In 2024, AngloGold Ashanti Ltd. of South Africa produced gold in Brazil through its wholly owned subsidiaries AngloGold Ashanti AGA Mineração and AngloGold Ashanti Serra Grande. The AGA Mineração operation comprised the Córrego do Sítio Mining Complex, which was on care-and-maintenance status through 2024, and the Cuiaba Mining Complex. The Cuiaba Complex included, among others, the Cuiaba and the Lamego Mines, and the Cuiaba and Queiroz refineries in Minas Gerais State in southeastern Brazil. Ores from the Cuiaba and the Lamego Mines were processed in the Cuiaba gold-processing facility, the concentrate was then transported to the Queiroz plant for processing and refining. In 2024, the AGA Mineração Cuiaba Complex produced 8,430 kg of gold (reported as 271,000 troy ounces and the Serra Grande produced 2,500 kg of gold (reported as 80,000 troy ounces) (AngloGold Ashanti Ltd., 2025a, b). 

Graphite.—In 2024, Brazil was the third-ranked producer of graphite in the world, with a production of 64,588 t, which was an increase of about 15% compared with 56,053 t (revised) in 2023. In October, South Star Battery Metals Corp. of Canada announced the completion of the commissioning of Phase 1 of the Santa Cruz Graphite Mine, followed by the start of the rampup of commercial production. In Phase I, the large-flake graphite property, which is located in Bahia State, had a projected production capacity of 12,000 metric tons per year (t/yr). The company also planned to pursue Phase 2 and Phase 3, which could potentially raise production capacity to 50,000 t/yr once completed (South Star Battery Metals Corp., 2024, p. 1; 2026). 

In December, Graphcoa reported that it began operations at its first integrated graphite production facility located in Itagimirim, Bahia. The facility is composed of the Boa Sorte Mine and a concentration unit. The company projected a rampup period of about 8 months before reaching full production capacity of 5,500 t/yr of graphite concentrate. Simultaneously, the company reported progress in the implementation of two new production facilities, the Good Luck Mine and Plant and the Jordan Graffiti Project, which were projected to add an additional 60,000 t/yr of graphite to the company’s total capacity in Brazil. These projects were expected to be completed by the end of 2025 (Appian Capital Advisory, 2026; 2025). 

Iron Ore.—In 2024, iron ore in Brazil increased by 6%. The country produced 458.8 Mt of iron ore compared with 432.3 Mt in 2023. Vale’s production of iron ore increased by 2% to 327.7 Mt from 321.2 Mt in 2023 and accounted for 71% of the country’s total iron ore (gross weight) production. Brazil produced about 16% of the world’s iron ore production. Iron ore was produced in three regions (or “systems” as reported by Vale) in the country: the Northern (177.5 Mt), which is located in Para State; and the Southeastern (86.9 Mt) and the Southern (63.3 Mt), which are located in Minas Gerais State (Production table and Facilities table; Tuck, 2026b; Vale S.A., 2025, p. 47). 

Iron and Steel.—In 2024, Brazil was Latin America’s main producer of steel with production representing about 60% of the region’s total steel production. The Instituto Aço Brasil [Brazil Steel Institute] is an association of the main steelmaker companies in the country and was composed of 13 local business groups with a combined installed capacity of 50.95 Mt/yr of raw steel. The member companies of the Instituto Aço Brasil employed 117,439 people in 2024, which was a decrease compared to 121,722 people in 2023. About 78% of the steel production in the country was concentrated in the following three States: Minas Gerais (30%), Rio de Janeiro (26.1%), and Espirito Santo (21.9%). The leading steel producers in Brazil in 2024 were ArcelorMittal S.A. of Luxembourg and Gerdau Açominas S.A. of Brazil (a subsidiary of Gerdau S.A.). The combined apparent consumption of steel products in Brazil accounted for about 77% of steel products in 2024, and included products such as billets, blooms, ingots, and slabs (Facilities table; Instituto Aço Brasil, 2025, p. 6, 10–12, 16, 20, 22, 73). 

Lithium.—In 2024, the Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V. of the Netherlands, through its subsidiary (AMG Brazil), reported the completion of the expansion project at the Mibra Mine. The objective for the expansion was to increase spodumene production capacity of the Mibra Mine to 130,000 t/yr from 90,000 t/yr. By the end of 2024, the company announced it had reached full rampup production (AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V., 2025, p. 11, 20, 54). 

Nickel.—The production of nickel decreased by about 7% to 67,482 t in 2024 compared with 72,398 t in 2023. Vale produced nickel at the Onca Puma Nickel Complex, which was a mining and smelting operation producing products for the stainless-steel industry; the operation is located in Para State in northern Brazil. In 2024, the production of nickel ore at the Onca Puma Mine was 750,000 t compared to 1.247 Mt in 2023 (production table; Vale S.A., 2025, p. 69). 

Niobium.—Brazil was the leading producer of niobium, accounting for 93% of the world’s production. In 2024, the estimated production of columbite-tantalite was 31,000 t and the estimated production of pyrochlore was 374,000 t. The Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração (CBMM) of Brazil produced a variety of products such as ferroniobium, metallic niobium, niobium compounds, niobium oxide, and vacuum-grade niobium alloys. CBMM operated the Araxa Industrial Complex which produced 93,285 t of ferroniobium in 2024. In terms of sales volume, 95% of the total ferroniobium produced in this location was exported to Asia and the Pacific (received 64% of total ferroniobium exports from the Araxa Industrial Complex), Europe (19%), and North America and South Americas (16%). In November 2024, the company announced the inauguration of the niobium oxide plant located in the industrial complex of CBMM in Araxa. The expansion project had a designed capacity of 2,000 t/yr of niobium oxides mixture used as an active anode material which, according to the company, was a proprietary fast-charging technology that allowed for the development of lithium-ion batteries (Production table and Facilities table; Brasil Mineral, 2026a; Friedline, 2026a). 

The Mineração Catalão de Goiás, which was wholly owned by China Molybdenum Co., Ltd. (CMOC), produced niobium at the Catalao Mine. In 2024, niobium production totaled 10,024 t. In November 2024, the Mineração Taboca, which was wholly owned by Minsur S.A. of Peru, sold its assets to China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. (CNMC) Trade Company Ltd. (99.9999997%) of China and Taboca (Singapore) Holding PTE LTD. (0.00000003%). The Mineração Taboca produced niobium and tantalum metal alloys as a byproduct of tin and tantalum. In 2024, the Mineração Taboca produced 4,618 t of ferroalloys (Production table and Facilities table; Augusto, 2024; Brasil Mineral, 2026b, c). 

Rare Earths.—In January, Serra Verde Group of Switzerland, parent company of Serra Verde Mining of Brazil, announced the commencement of commercial production of mixed rare-earth concentrate from phase 1 of the Pela Ema deposit in Minaçu, Goiás State. Serra Verde is expected to produce 5,000 t/yr of rare-earth oxide once ramped up to full production. In 2024, Serra Verde explored the potential for the development of a phase 2 expansion to increase production in the long term. Once operational, the Pela Ema was expected to produce elements such as dysprosium, neodymium, praseodymium, and terbium (Serra Verde Group, 2024). 

Uranium.—In August, Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) of Brazil, announced plans to resume uranium exploration in the country after 40 years of no significant new investments and inactivity in uranium prospecting in the country. INB launched the Uranium Prospecting and Mining Partnership Programme to search for partnership with companies in the mining sector. Brazil’s three known deposits were Pocos de Caldas in Minas Gerais State, where a uranium mine closed in 1997; Lagoa Real or Caetité in Bahia State, which has been operating since 1999; and Santa Quitéria (formerly called Itataia) in Ceara State, where uranium was a byproduct of phosphate (World Nuclear News, 2024). 

Outlook 

According to IBRAM, from the period of 2025 to 2029, the company planned to invest a total of \$68.4 billion in Brazil’s mining sector. The main mineral commodities for which investments are planned were iron (\$19.6 billion or 29% of total mining investments in said period), copper (\$7.3 billion, 11%), fertilizers (\$5.6 billion, 8.2%), nickel (\$3.8 billion, 5.6%), rare earths (\$2.2 billion, 3.2%), gold (\$2.1 billion, 3.1%), bauxite (\$1.3 billion, 1.9%), lithium (\$1.2 billion, 1.7%), titanium (\$840 million, 1.2%), and zinc (\$35 million, 0.1%). These investments, if successfully implemented, could provide sustainable support for the development of the mineral industry in the next few years (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração, 2025b, p. 11–13).   

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited

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• Tuck, C.C., 2026b, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109. 

• Vale S.A., 2025, Form 20-F, annual report: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Vale S.A., March 28, 205 p. (Accessed June 10, 2026, at https://api.mziq.com/mzfilemanager/v2/d/53207d1c-63b4-48f1-96b7-19869fa…;

• World Nuclear News, 2024, Brazil to resume uranium exploration: London, United Kingdom, World Nuclear News, August 22. (Accessed June 10, 2026, at https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Brazil-to-resume-uranium-explor….)