Canada

Introduction 

In 2024, Canada was the ninth largest economy of the world based on its nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and remained one of the leading mining nations in the world. The country produced a wide range of industrial minerals, metals, and mineral fuels. Canada retained its position as a global leader in mineral exploration, attracting the largest share of worldwide investment. Australia and the United States ranked second and third, respectively, with these three countries representing nearly 46% of global exploration expenditures (S&P Global Market Intelligence, 2026a, b). 

In 2024, Canada was one of the world’s leading producers of mineral commodities and produced a diverse range of metals, industrial minerals, and mineral fuels. In 2024, Canada was the world’s leading producer of potash (31% of world output); the second-ranked producer of natural gem-quality diamond (19%) and niobium (6%); the third-ranked producer of palladium (8%) and refined cadmium (6%); the fourth-ranked producer of gold (6%), aluminum (5%), indium (4%), nickel (3%), platinum (3%), and wollastonite (3%); the fifth-ranked producer of selenium (4%, not including United States production) and tellurium (3%, not including United States production); and the sixth-ranked producer of peat (10%), sulfur (6%), ilmenite (4%), mica (4%, tied with France and India), salt (4%), and cobalt (1%). Global output percentages cited above reflect reported figures, though select percentages are estimated based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Commodity Summaries. Canada was also a globally significant producer of several other mineral commodities such as alumina, ammonia, mined copper, refined copper, ferrosilicon, graphite (natural), gypsum, iron ore (gross weight and Fe content), lime, lithium, magnesite, molybdenum, industrial sand and gravel, silicon metal, silver, and talc and pyrophyllite (Brioche, 2026; Callaghan, 2026; Crangle, 2026; Ewing, 2026a, b; Flanagan, 2026a, b; Friedline, 2026; Jasinski, 2026a, b; MacGregor, 2026; Merrill, 2026; Olson, 2026a, b; Saloum, 2026; Schulte, 2026; Sheaffer, 2026; Stewart, 2026). 

According to the World Nuclear Association, Canada was the second-ranked producer of uranium, accounting for about 24% of the world’s uranium output. As reported by the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, Canada was the world’s fourth-ranked rough­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ diamond producer by weight in 2024. Canadian diamond production during the year accounted for 12% of world production, and the average value of Canadian diamond was \$80.70 per carat, a decrease from \$96.96 per carat average in 2023. Canada held significant mineral reserves; details of Canada’s share of world reserves for several nonfuel mineral commodities in 2024 can be found in the USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2024, 2025; U.S. Geological Survey, 2025, p. 35, 63, 65, 79, 83, 85, 87, 101, 111, 123, 125, 127, 131, 137, 139, 145, 159, 163, 179, 189; World Nuclear Association, 2026). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, the contribution of Canada's minerals sector to the country’s nominal GDP was \$114 billion, which represented 5% of Canada's total GDP. Canada produced over 60 minerals and metals worth \$47 billion in 2024. Of that amount, metals accounted for 59% of the total; nonmetals accounted for 25%, and coal accounted for 16%. The country’s minerals sector invested \$16 billion in new capital construction and in machinery and equipment, accounting for 6% of the Canada’s total nonresidential capital investments in 2024. Of that total amount, investments in mining and related support activities accounted for 77%, and the remainder (23%) was invested in mineral-processing. The mineral industry sector in Canada directly employed 724,000 people in 2024. Of those jobs, 314,000 people were employed in the mineral-processing sector (Natural Resources Canada, 2025a). 

In 2024, \$3.0 billion was spent on mineral exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures within Canada, which was a decrease of 4% compared with that in 2023. Ontario continued to be the leading Province in terms of mineral exploration expenditures, followed by British Columbia and Quebec. Total expenditures in these three Provinces accounted for about 62% of the country’s total exploration spending for the year. Precious metals, primarily gold, remained the leading mineral commodity in expenditure in 2024. Base metals, including copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, was the second-ranked mineral commodity group, followed by spending on other metals, which included cobalt, lithium, and rare-earth elements (Natural Resources Canada, 2026c). 

In 2024, Canada had 138 major mining projects planned or under construction, representing \$85 billion in total investment. Roughly half (67 projects) focused on critical minerals worth \$53 billion in potential investment. Of these critical minerals mining projects, 36 facilities, valued at \$30 billion, targeted copper, nickel, and lithium. The majority of projects over the next decade focused on metals (98 projects), followed by nonmetals (21), coal (14), and mineral-processing facilities (5). With nearly a third (30%) of the total value, British Columbia hosted the largest share of mining projects in Canada in 2024. Quebec accounted for a 20% share, while Ontario and Saskatchewan each held 17%, with the remaining projects spread across the other Provinces and Territories (excluding Prince Edward Island) (Natural Resources Canada, 2025b, p. 6, 12). 

Government Policies and Programs 

Canada’s mineral sector is governed by a framework of Federal, Provincial, and Territorial statutes. The primary legislative authority for mining in Canada belongs to the Provinces and Territories, where each jurisdiction has its own specific Mining Act. Provinces and Territories own and manage their own mineral resources, while the Federal Government provides oversight on matters of national interest, international trade, foreign investment, and specific environmental protections (Anggadol, K., 2024). 

The Federal Government in Canada receives direct revenue from mining and energy companies through both direct corporate income taxes and indirect taxes, such as excise, payroll, and sales taxes. The Provincial and Territorial governments have the authority to raise revenue from mining and energy companies using similar tax regimes as the Federal Government. In addition, the individual Provinces and Territories may set royalty rates based on the extraction of mineral resources from their respective lands. For Federal tax purposes, mining taxes and royalties paid to a Province or Territory are 100% deductible from the company’s taxable income (Natural Resources Canada, 2025e). 

In 2024, Canada updated its Critical Minerals Strategy to better reflect the evolving needs of the digital and green economies by updating its critical minerals list from 31 minerals to 34 minerals. The updated list of essential minerals added high-purity iron for green steel, phosphorus for agricultural and battery use, and silicon metal for advanced computing. This 2024 update was the result of a collaborative review process involving Provincial governments and manufacturing associations, ensuring that the country’s mineral priorities remain aligned with global technological demands (Natural Resources Canada, 2025d). 

The Nunavut Lands and Resources Devolution Agreement in 2024 marked a shift in Canadian governance by transferring control over Crown lands and resources, such as minerals and mines, from Federal hands to the Government of Nunavut. This transition aligned the Territory’s regulatory powers with those of the provinces, creating a more standardized legal landscape across the country. Nunavut now managed its own "mines-to-market" pipeline, providing a legal framework to streamline permitting for critical mineral projects. The agreement included a three 3-year implementation phase, with the full transfer of daily responsibilities scheduled for completion by April 1, 2027 (Government of Canada, 2024, p. 2–15). 

More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs of Canada, including provisions for each Province and Territory, can be found in previous editions of the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Latin America and Canada, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/south-america. 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).  

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

Canada maintained its position as one of the world’s most active mining nations in 2024. Canada's mineral industry operated under a free enterprise system, which allowed private companies to manage all stages, from exploration to marketing. According to Natural Resources Canada, the country extracted 60 minerals and metals from more than 200 mines and 6,500 quarries and pits in 2024. Canada's mineral processing sector included nonferrous metal smelters, refineries, and conversion facilities across six Provinces. Mineral-processing in Canada was largely concentrated in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Mining Association of Canada, 2024, p. 23; Natural Resources Canada, 2026a). 

Mineral Trade 

In 2024, Canada's mineral exports increased by 2% year-over-year to \$112 billion, representing 21% share of the country’s total exports of goods, by value. Metal exports accounted for 82% of the mineral exports, and nonmetals, 12%. Canada’s total value of mineral imports decreased slightly to \$92 billion. The United States continued to be the leading trade partner for Canadian mineral exports in 2024, accounting for 52% share of Canada’s total mineral exports by value, followed by the United Kingdom (15%), China (6%), Switzerland (4%), and Japan and the Republic of Korea (3% each). These six countries combined represented 83% of Canada's total mineral exports during the year. In 2024, Canada's top mineral exports by value were gold (\$29.1 billion), iron and steel (\$14.6 billion), aluminum (\$12.3 billion), copper (\$7.8 billion), iron ore (\$6.7 billion), potash (\$5.6 billion), and nickel and uranium (each \$3.4 billion). Mineral exports of cement, diamond, platinum group metals, silver, sulfur, and zinc were each valued slightly at over $1 billion. Most of Canada’s mineral trade was concentrated in Ontario and Quebec, with these two Provinces accounting for 56% and 20% of total mineral exports, respectively (Natural Resources Canada, 2025f). 

In 2024, Canada’s mineral exports to the United States decreased by 5% to \$58.1 billion compared with that in 2023. The primary mineral exports by value were iron and steel (23%), aluminum (20%), gold (12%), copper (8%), and potash (5%). Canada's mineral imports from the United States increased by 1% in 2024, reaching a total value of \$42 billion. Iron and steel was the leading imported mineral, accounting for 27% of the total value, followed by gold (12%), and aluminum (7%). Canada's mineral exports to the United Kingdom totaled \$16.7 billion, with gold accounting for about 96% of that value. Canada’s mineral exports to China decreased by 9% to \$6.9 billion; the primary exports by value were coal (29%), iron ore (26%), copper (21%), and gold and potash (9% each). Canada's mineral imports from China increased by 8% in 2024, reaching a total of \$10.8 billion. Iron and steel and aluminum were the leading imported minerals by value, accounting for 33% and 12% of the total import value, respectively (Natural Resources Canada, 2025f). 

In 2024, the value of critical minerals exports declined by 4% to \$35.1 billion. This decrease was primarily owing to falling prices, particularly for aluminum, nickel, and potash. Aluminum led in export value at 33% of the total, followed by copper (22%), potash (17%), uranium (10%), nickel (9%), and zinc (4%). Together, these minerals accounted for 94% of Canada’s critical minerals exports. The United States remained Canada’s top trading partner for critical minerals in 2024. Critical minerals exports to the United States totaled \$22.4 billion, accounting for 63% of Canada’s total critical minerals exports. At \$2.2 billion, China was Canada’s second-ranked critical minerals export partner, followed by Brazil and the Netherlands (Natural Resources Canada, 2025d). 

Commodity Review 

Aluminum.—In 2024, Canada remained the world’s fourth-ranked aluminum producer following China, India, and Russia. Canada’s aluminum smelters produced 3.31 million metric tons (Mt) of aluminum, an increase of 1.2% compared with that in 2023. Canada was also the world’s leading aluminum exporter in 2024, and the industry employed more than 9,800 people, mainly in the Province of Quebec, where it was the leading export product. The United States was Canada's largest export destination for aluminum products in 2024, accounting for 91% of the total value of aluminum exports. Canada’s aluminum industry is dependent on imported bauxite owing to the lack of domestic mining (Aluminum Association of Canada, 2024; Natural Resources Canada, 2026a). 

Cobalt.—In August, Electra Battery Materials Corp. announced a \$20 million grant from the United States Department of Defense to accelerate the commissioning of its battery-grade cobalt sulfate refinery project in the Province of Ontario. Funded through the Defense Production Act, the project aimed to secure a North American supply chain for battery-grade minerals and counter China’s current market dominance. Once fully constructed, the refinery was expected to have a production capacity of 6,500 metric tons per year (t/yr) of cobalt contained in cobalt sulfate and to be the only such refinery in North America. Once operational, the refinery was slated to produce enough cobalt annually to support the manufacturing of over 1 million electric vehicles (Electra Battery Materials Corp., 2024). 

Gold.—In 2024, gold was Canada’s most valuable mined commodity, with a production value of \$12.3 billion. Canadian gold exports reached a record \$29.3 billion, a 33% increase from the previous year, driven by rising prices and increased central bank purchasing. This growth was led by unwrought gold, which accounted for \$28.5 billion of the total value. The United Kingdom led the export market with a 54% share, followed by the United States and Switzerland at 23% and 13%, respectively (Natural Resources Canada, 2026d).  

In May, Equinox Gold Corp. announced its majority-owned Greenstone Mine achieved its first gold pour at the open pit operation in Ontario. Greenstone was expected to be one of Canada’s largest and highest-grade gold mines, with projected production of about 12,400 kilograms per year (kg/yr) of gold during the first 5 years of operation. In August, IAMGOLD Corp. announced that its majority-owned Cote Gold project in Ontario, a joint venture with Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. Ltd. of Japan, officially reached commercial production. The project, which employed nearly 1,900 workers, was expected to become Canada’s third-ranked gold producer, yielding over 11,000 kg/yr of gold for a projected mine life of 18 years (Equinox Gold Corp., 2024; IAMGOLD Corp., 2024, p. 8–9, 11; 2025). 

Graphite.—In 2024, Canada produced 11,700 t of natural graphite, nearly tripling the 4,260 t produced in the previous year. The United States remained the top destination for Canadian graphite, accounting for 78% of natural graphite exports. The Lac-des-Iles Mine in the Province of Quebec, operated by Northern Graphite Corp., remained the only active graphite-producing mine in the country during 2024. In 2024, Nouveau Monde Graphite Inc., also located in the Province of Quebec, continued to advance its Matawinie Mine and Becancour Battery Material Plant to establish a complete North American supply chain for battery-grade graphite. At full capacity, the Matawinie Mine was projected to produce 106,000 t/yr of graphite concentrate over a 25-year period. This output was expected to supply the Bécancour facility for the production of essential anode materials for the electric-vehicle industry (Nouveau Monde Graphite, Inc., 2024, p. 29–30; Natural Resources Canada, 2026c). 

Lithium.—Canada’s lithium production in 2024 originated from two mines: the Tanco Mine in Manitoba, owned by Sinomine Resource Group Co. Ltd. of China, and the North American Lithium Mine (NAL) in Quebec, jointly owned by Sayona Mining Ltd. of Australia and Piedmont Lithium Inc. of the United States. During the year, the NAL achieved its first full calendar year of production, officially becoming North America’s leading hard-rock lithium producer. As the mine ramped up toward its goal of 226,000 t/yr of lithium concentrate, its owners announced a merger in November to create Elevra Lithium Limited. By consolidating their partnership into one corporation, the merger aimed to streamline management, reduce costs, and maximize the mine’s long-term production potential (Facilities table; Jamasmie, 2024).  

Potash.—In 2024, Canada’s potash sector set new records with 25 Mt produced and 22.9 Mt exported. Concentrated entirely in Saskatchewan, the industry supplies nearly 40% of the global market, primarily to the United States (53%), Brazil (14%), and China (6%). Potash remained Canada’s third-ranked mineral commodity in terms of value (13%), following gold (26%) and coal (15%). The United States continued to rely heavily on imports of Canada’s potash to meet its domestic needs. Canada was the leading foreign supplier of potash to the United States, accounting for 79% of the United States’ potash imports by value (Jasinski, 2026b; Natural Resources Canada, 2026d).  

Rare Earths.—In September, Canada moved beyond simple exploration to launch its first commercial-scale rare earth processing operation in Saskatchewan. Led by the Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC) in Saskatoon, the facility transitioned from a pilot project to an industrial producer, using monazite concentrate feedstock imported from Brazil. By late 2024, it began delivering 10 metric tons per month (t/mo) of neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr) metal, with plans to scale production to 40 t/mo by yearend to supply the high-purity materials needed for the magnet industry. SRC became the first jurisdiction in North America to produce these metals at a commercial scale. Canada had some of the world’s largest reserves and resources (measured and indicated) of rare-earth elements, exceeding 14.0 Mt of rare-earth oxides, and ranked tenth globally with 830,000 t in reserves (Saskatchewan Research Council, 2023, p. 5; Government of Saskatchewan, 2026; Johnston, 2026). 

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