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India

By National Minerals Information Center

India was estimated to be the world's first-ranked producer of barite (excluding the United States)

Pictured: barite

Statistics and information on the mining industry in India.

Overview

In 2024, India was the world's first-ranked producer of barite (excluding the United States), accounting for 33% (estimated) of the world’s production; talc (steatite, including pyrophyllite) (21%, estimated); feldspar (19%, estimated); and kaolin (17%, estimated). The country was the second-ranked producer of bentonite (19%, estimated), fuller’s earth (16%, estimated), wollastonite (excluding the United States, 13%, estimated), cement (11%, estimated), nitrogen (ammonia) (10%), raw steel (8.0%), pig iron (7.0%), aluminum (5.8%, estimated), and lime (4.0%). The country was the third-ranked producer of salt (12%, estimated); fourth in production of iron ore (Fe content, 11%), zinc (7.3%, estimated), chromium (6.8%), and alumina (5.6%, estimated). The country was the fifth-ranked producer of bauxite (excluding the United States, 5.8%), manganese (3.9%), rutile (2.6%, estimated), garnet (2.0%, estimated), and rare earths (less than 1%, estimated). The country was the sixth-ranked producer of mica (3.7%, estimated), selenium (excluding the United States, 2.4%, estimated), bromine (excluding the United States, 1.6%, estimated), and titanium sponge (excluding the United States, less than 1%, estimated). The country was the seventh-ranked producer of lead (4.9%, estimated), industrial sand and gravel (2.7%, estimated), and graphite (1.1%). The country was the eight-ranked producer of sulfur (4.4%, estimated) and the ninth-ranked producer of ferrosilicon (excluding the United States, 1.3%, estimated). 

The mining and quarrying sector accounted for 1.8% of gross value added in 2024, which decreased from 1.9% in 2023. The legislative framework for the mineral sector in India is provided by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulations) Act, 1957 (MMDR) (most recently amended in 2023). The Indian Bureau of Mines, under the Indian Ministry of Mines, oversees the mineral industry. Major government companies involved in the critical minerals sector included Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corp. Ltd., Hindustan Copper Ltd., Indian Rare Earths Ltd., Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd., MOIL, Odisha Mining Corp. Ltd., Precious Minerals & Smelting Ltd., Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Ltd., and Steel Authority of India Ltd. Major non-government companies involved in the critical minerals sector included the Adani Group, Aditya Birla Group, Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd., the Tata Group, and Vedanta Ltd. 

Vedanta Ltd. planned to expand its alumina capacity by 1.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr), and the Aditya Birla Group also planned to expand its alumina and aluminum capacity by 1.05 Mt/yr. UltraTech Cement Ltd. and the Adani Group were the largest cement companies in terms of annual capacity in India, and set goals of reaching cement production capacity of 200 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2027 (April 1, 2026, to March 31, 2027) and 140 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2028, respectively. Towards those goals, UltraTech acquired Kesoram Industries Ltd., and the Adani Group acquired Penna Cement Industries Ltd. and Orient Cement Ltd. The Adani Group also commenced operations at its new Mundra smelter-refinery in Gujarat, which had a copper smelter capacity of 500,000 metric tons per year (t/yr), and planned to expand its capacity to 1 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2029. Vedanta Ltd., through its wholly owned subsidiary Ferro Alloys Corp. Ltd. (FACOR), announced in August that it would more than double its ferrochromium capacity to 300,000 t/yr by 2026, which would make FACOR the leading ferrochromium producer in India. In March, the Government announced that its two rounds of bids to auction mining rights for its 5.9-million-metric-ton inferred resources of lithium containing 20,000 metric tons of lithium carbonate equivalent in Jammu and Kashmir had failed owing to a lack of bidders, and that it would indefinitely halt extraction plans. 

 

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, India was the first-ranked producer of barite (excluding the United States), accounting for 33% (estimated) of the world’s production; as well as that of talc (steatite, including pyrophyllite) (21%, estimated), feldspar (19%, estimated), and kaolin (17%, estimated). The country was the second-ranked producer of bentonite (19%, estimated), fuller’s earth (16%, estimated), wollastonite (excluding the United States, 13%, estimated), cement (11%, estimated), nitrogen (ammonia) (10%), raw steel (8.0%), pig iron (7.0%), aluminum (5.8%, estimated), and lime (4.0%). The country was the third-ranked producer of salt (12%, estimated); fourth in production of iron ore (Fe content, 11%), zinc (7.3%, estimated), chromium (6.8%), and alumina (5.6%, estimated). The country was the fifth-ranked producer of bauxite (excluding the United States, 5.8%), manganese (3.9%), rutile (2.6%, estimated), garnet (2.0%, estimated), and rare earths (less than 1%, estimated). The country was the sixth-ranked producer of mica (3.7%, estimated), selenium (excluding the United States, 2.4%, estimated), bromine (excluding the United States, 1.6%, estimated), and titanium sponge metal (excluding the United States, less than 1%, estimated). The country was the seventh-ranked producer of lead (4.9%, estimated), industrial sand and gravel (2.7%, estimated), and graphite (1.1%). The country was the eight-ranked producer of sulfur (4.4%, estimated). The country was the ninth-ranked producer of ferrosilicon (excluding the United States, 1.3%, estimated) (Brioche, 2026a, b; Ewing, 2026a, b; Flanagan, 2026; Goodin, 2026; Hatfield, 2026; Jasinski, 2026; Johnston, 2026; Kim, 2026a, b; Klochko, 2026; MacGregor, 2026a, b; Merrill, 2026a, b; Olson, 2026a, b; Saloum, 2026; Schnebele, 2026a, b; Schulte, 2026; Simmons, 2026a, b; Tolcin, 2026; Tuck, 2026a, b). 

 

Minerals in the National Economy  

In 2024, India’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.5% compared with an increase of 9.2% in 2023. The nominal GDP in 2024 was \$3.91 trillion. The mining and quarrying sector accounted for 1.8% of gross value, which decreased from 1.9% in 2023. Meanwhile, the manufacturing sector accounted for 16%, and the construction sector accounted for 8.3%. In 2024, the construction sector accounted for 13% of total employment, the manufacturing sector accounted for 12%, and the mining and quarrying sector accounted for 0.3% (International Labour Organization, 2024, p. 42; Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 2025, p. 12; Press Information Bureau, 2026; World Bank, The, 2026a, b). 

 

Government Policies and Programs 

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in India is provided by the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulations) Act, 1957 (most recently amended in 2023). The Indian Bureau of Mines, under the Indian Ministry of Mines, oversees the mineral industry and is responsible for tasks such as mine inspections, geologic studies, mining plan and scheme reviews and approvals, and feasibility reports for mining and beneficiation projects. India had defined 30 critical minerals in 2023, with cadmium, molybdenum, selenium, and strontium among critical minerals that were not included in the United States Final 2025 Critical Minerals List. More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Asia and the Pacific, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/asia-… (Press Information Bureau, 2023; Ministry of Mines, 2026; U.S. Geological Survey, 2026). 

 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

 

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

Based on the Facilities table, critical mineral commodity sectors (as defined by the United States Final 2025 Critical Minerals List) where the Government held a monopoly of production capacity included copper (mine), fluorspar, rare earths (mine and refinery), and titanium (sponge). Critical mineral commodity sectors where the private sector held a monopoly of production capacity included boron (refinery), cobalt (refinery), gallium, and nickel (refinery). Critical mineral commodity sectors where the Government held a majority of production capacity were, in descending order of share, barite, phosphate rock, titanium dioxide, zircon, and rutile. Critical mineral commodity sectors where the private sector held a majority of production capacity were, in descending order of share: graphite; copper (refinery and smelter); aluminum; chromite; silver (refinery); antimony (refinery) and lead, silver, and zinc (mine, smelter, and refinery); rutile; silver (mine), zinc (mine and smelter), titanium mineral concentrates (ilmenite), manganese (mine), and magnesite (Facilities table; Ministry of Mines, 2023, p. 3; U.S. Geological Survey, 2026). 

Companies with active production capacity in critical mineral sectors where the Government held at least a majority share were Andhra Pradesh Mineral Development Corp. Ltd. (barite), Hindustan Copper Ltd. [copper (mine)], Indian Rare Earths Ltd. [rare earths, titanium mineral concentrates (ilmenite), rutile, zircon], Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd. [titanium mineral concentrates (ilmenite), rutile, titanium sponge, zircon], MOIL (manganese), Odisha Mining Corp. Ltd. (chromium, manganese), Precious Minerals & Smelting Ltd. (tin), Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Ltd. (phosphate rock), and Steel Authority of India Ltd. [ferroalloys (ferromanganese, silicomanganese), manganese]. Companies with production capacity in critical mineral sectors where private entities held at least a majority share were the Adani Group [copper (smelter)], Aditya Birla Group [aluminum, copper (refinery), gallium], Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd. (chromium, ferrochromium), and the Tata Group [chromium, ferroalloys (ferrochromium, ferromanganese), manganese]. Vedanta Resources Ltd., which is the parent company of Vedanta Ltd., is headquartered in London, United Kingdom; all other above-listed companies are domestic companies (Facilities table; Vedanta Resources Ltd., 2026). 

 

Mineral Trade 

India’s total exports in 2024 were valued at \$443 billion, of which \$5.66 billion were nonfuel mineral commodities (Harmonized System chapters 25, 26, 28, 71–76, and 78–81). India’s major trade partners for exports of nonfuel minerals were, in order by value, the United States (which received 21% of India’s nonfuel mineral commodity exports by value), the United Arab Emirates (15%), China (9.3%), the United Kingdom (4.8%), and Saudi Arabia (2.8%). The leading exported nonfuel mineral commodities to the United States, by value, were precious and semiprecious stones and metals as well as articles thereof (\$707 million), articles of iron and steel (\$288 million), aluminum and articles thereof (\$78 million), copper and articles thereof (\$35.1 million), and iron and steel (\$34.3 million) (Department of Commerce, 2026). 

India’s total imports in 2024 were valued at \$718 billion, of which \$12.9 billion were nonfuel mineral commodities. Major trade partners for imports of nonfuel mineral commodities were, in order by value, the United Arab Emirates (which supplied 14% of India’s nonfuel mineral commodity imports by value), China (12%), Switzerland (9.9%), the United States (7.3%), and Thailand (5.0%). The leading imported nonfuel mineral commodities from the United States, by value, were precious and semiprecious stones and metals as well as articles thereof (\$636 million); aluminum and articles thereof (\$68.2 million); ash, slag, and ores (\$59.8 million); iron and steel (\$57.6 million); and chemical products (\$37.9 million) (Department of Commerce, 2026).  

 

Commodity Review  

Aluminum and Alumina.—In April, Vedanta Aluminium Ltd., a subsidiary of Vedanta Ltd., announced its commissioning of a 1.5-million-metric-ton (Mt) expansion at its Lanjigarh alumina refinery, increasing the total production capacity of the facility to 3.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr), with future plans to increase this to 5 Mt/yr. In August, Hindalco Industries Ltd., a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group, announced that they would invest \$10 billion in capacity expansion. This included an increase in aluminum production capacity in their Aditya smelter of 200,000 metric tons per year (t/yr), and the establishment of a new alumina refinery in Rayagada District, Odisha State, with an expected production capacity of 850,000 t/yr and scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2027 (Sengupta, 2024; Vedanta Aluminium Ltd., 2024). 

Cement.—In 2024, India produced an estimated 440 Mt of cement. Major cement companies (including their subsidiaries) included UltraTech Cement Ltd., ultimately a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group (cement production capacity of 153 Mt/yr as of end of fiscal year 2024); Ambuja Cements Ltd., ultimately a subsidiary of the Adani Group (78.9 Mt/yr), Shree Cement Ltd. (53.4 Mt/yr), and Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd. (44.6 Mt/yr). Cement consumption was 445 Mt in fiscal year 2024 and was estimated to increase by 451 Mt and 670 Mt by fiscal years 2027 and 2030, respectively. In March, UltraTech Cement Ltd. acquired Kesoram Industries Ltd., which had a cement production capacity of 10.8 Mt/yr. The company planned to invest \$3.9 billion to achieve a cement production capacity of 200 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2027. In August, the Adani Group wholly acquired Penna Cement Industries Ltd., which had 10 Mt of annual cement capacity; and in October, entered into a binding agreement to acquire a 46.8% stake in Orient Cement Ltd. with a capacity of 8.5 Mt/yr. The company was planning to achieve a capacity of 140 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2028 (Adani Enterprises Ltd., 2024a; 2024b, p. 7; Dalmia Bharat Ltd., 2024, p. 6; Mukherjee, 2024; Shree Cement Ltd., 2024, p. 9; UltraTech Cement Ltd., 2024, p. 15; 2025, p. vii, 25, 164; India Brand Equity Foundation, 2025). 

Copper.—In March, Kutch Copper Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Adani Group, commenced operations a smelter-refinery in Mundra District, Gujarat State. The smelter-refinery had a copper smelter capacity of 500,000 t/yr, with future plans of expanding this to 1 Mt/yr by fiscal year 2029. The facility imported copper concentrates from Australia, Chile, and Peru to supply its smelter operations, and imports of copper concentrates increased by 15% to 1.17 Mt compared with that in 2023. The Adani Group had invested approximately \$1.2 billion into the establishment of the facility (Adani Enterprises Ltd., 2024c; Arora, 2024; Department of Commerce, 2026). 

Ferroalloys.—In August, Ferro Alloys Corp. Ltd. (FACOR), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of Vedanta Ltd., received permission from the Government to expand the production capacity of its plant in Bhadrak District, Odisha State, from 145,000 t/yr to 300,000 t/yr of ferrochromium. The scheduled date of completion of the expansion project was 2026. This would make FACOR the largest ferrochromium producer in terms of capacity in India (Facilities table; Argus Media, 2024). 

Lithium.—In February 2023, the Government announced the discovery of 5.9 Mt of inferred lithium resources in the Salal-Haimna areas of Reasi District, Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory. The lithium resources were found in clay deposits, which had not yet been demonstrated to be economically viable. The deposit was estimated to contain approximately 20,000 t of lithium carbonate equivalent. The Government attempted two rounds of bids to auction mining rights for the resources in March 2024, but both bids failed owing to a lack of bidders, and extraction plans had been halted indefinitely (Sharma, 2024; Takkar, 2024). 

 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Table includes data available through March 16, 2026. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. In addition to the commodities listed, antimony, boron, cadmium, clays, corundum, gallium, other gemstones (aquamarine, emerald, ruby, and spinel), gypsum, high-purity rare-earth oxides, sand and gravel, stone, titanium dioxide, and titanium sponge may have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.
Commodity 20202021202220232024
Alumina6,590,000e7,150,000e7,590,000e7,500,000e8,000,000e
Aluminum, primary, metal3,430,8883,962,1444,064,3714,126,4214,158,844
Barite1,600,000e1,600,000e2,600,000e2,600,000e2,600,000e
Bauxite19,987,97222,136,24623,843,33123,360,55225,061,010
Bromine, Br content2,7793,5136,9596,900e7,000e
Cement, hydraulic290,000,000e350,000,000e380,000,000e420,000,000e440,000,000e
Chromium, mine, chromite concentrates2,401,5084,248,9733,470,1103,333,5473,365,350
Copper, mine, concentrates, Cu content24,00027,80025,20027,20027,300
Copper, refinery, primary, metal, Cu content333,542353,086482,732508,902509,429
Copper, smelter, primary, metal, Cu content243,200363,000395,000364,000364,000e
Diamond (Industrial), natural, industrial (carats)16,100e0000
Diamond, natural, gem (carats)5,950e0000
Direct-reduced iron33,593,46039,039,55042,282,90949,556,00054,807,000
Feldspar, mine4,800,000e6,400,000e6,000,000e6,000,000e6,000,000e
Ferroalloys, ferroaluminum1,1011,278851827729e
Ferroalloys, ferrochromium826,0001,090,0001,073,0001,317,0001,179,000
Ferroalloys, ferromanganese567,0001,033,0001,061,0001,240,0001,400,000
Ferroalloys, ferromolybdenum403442575737570e
Ferroalloys, ferrosilicomagnesium9,65215,53716,78915,71212,000e
Ferroalloys, ferrotitanium115457378356487e
Ferroalloys, ferrovanadium662779917807893e
Ferroalloys, silicomanganese324,748347,963325,337322,890363,000e
Fluorspar, metallurgical grade9171,4219886,297714
Garnet, industrial1,27111,98112,11316,78643,037
Gold, mine, ore450,611486,377572,009749,863691,538
Gold, mine, ore, Au content (kilograms)1,2251,2191,3581,4261,704
Gold, refinery, secondary, bullion, Au content (kilograms)6,6408,97511,91915,24716,618
Graphite, crystalline flake4,200e5,200e14,000e20,000e18,000e
Iron ore, mine203,835,000249,475,000250,327,000277,529,000282,264,000
Iron ore, mine, Fe content126,000,000e155,000,000e156,000,000e172,000,000e175,000,000e
Iron oxide pigments, mineral, natural, ocher2,940,0003,000,000e3,100,000e3,200,000e3,300,000e
Kyanite and related materials, kyanite4,9418,5865,5072,6522,259
Kyanite and related materials, sillimanite15,5493,2651,828910451
Lead, mine, ore, Pb content197,527219,117211,844225,720228,113
Lead, refinery, primary200,000e202,968205,770217,275215,983
Lead, refinery, secondary620,000e860,000760,000820,000878,000
Lime15,000,000e16,000,000e16,000,000e17,000,000e17,000,000e
Magnesite75,590110,021112,892123,207120,225
Manganese, mine, ore2,316,0482,898,8462,524,9572,974,0013,589,532
Manganese, mine, ore, Mn content548,000495,000730,000744,000731,000
Mica, scrap and waste15,000e16,000e14,000e14,000e13,000e
Nickel, intermediate, nickel sulfate, Ni content005002,700e2,500e
Nitrogen, ammonia, N content12,200,00012,100,00013,700,00015,300,00015,200,000
Phosphate rock, including apatite1,407,0001,362,7301,778,1381,647,0231,746,884
Phosphate rock, including apatite, P2O5 content350,000e340,000e440,000e410,000e440,000e
Pig iron67,782,20177,627,05079,888,02386,273,00090,103,000
Rare earths, mine, monazite concentrates5,000e5,000e5,000e5,000e5,000e
Rare earths, mine, monazite concentrates, Oxide content2,900e2,900e2,900e2,900e2,900e
Raw steel100,256,000118,234,000125,337,231140,760,730149,580,000
Salt30,000,000e26,564,00026,599,00030,801,00034,000,000e
Selenium, Se content (kilograms)58,000e79,000e90,000e81,000e88,000e
Silver, mine, ore, Ag content (kilograms)705,795697,412684,184738,664715,638
Silver, refinery, metal, Ag content155750719813820
Soda ash, synthetic2,638,1203,078,9003,219,3202,993,8593,206,192
Steel products, finished91,302,000110,886,000120,038,000136,307,000143,677,000
Steel products, semimanufactured100,122,000117,714,000125,078,000140,762,000149,586,000
Stone, crushed, limestone334,252,000395,008,000401,566,000438,235,000445,313,000
Sulfur, byproduct, petroleum and fertilizer, S content762,029840,754926,270981,258942,076
Talc and related materials, pyrophyllite36,799119,08560,000e40,000e40,000e
Talc and related materials, soapstone and steatite1,693,3761,350,4301,400,000e1,400,000e1,400,000e
Tin, mine, concentrates131949325
Titanium, concentrates, ilmenite and leucoxene350,000e1390,000e1400,000e1420,000e1450,000e1
Titanium, concentrates, rutile13,000e113,000e114,000e115,000e115,000e1
Uranium, mine, ore, U content400615600e600e600e
Vermiculite1,5603,4862,0911,5372,301
Wollastonite102,209110,778104,294115,458104,978
Zinc, mine, ore, Zn content731,000e785,000e832,000e854,000e855,000e
Zinc, smelter, primary692,075759,887816,963811,839817,058
Zinc, smelter, secondary, remelt17,900e19,400e21,000e24,000e40,000e
Zirconium, concentrates, zircon14,000e115,000e115,000e115,000e117,000e1
e Estimated.
1 Data represent fiscal year production.

 

References Cited 

  • Brioche, A.S., 2026a, Nitrogen (fixed)—ammonia: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 136–137. 
  • Brioche, A.S., 2026b, Talc and pyrophyllite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 184–185. 
  • Ewing, S.M., 2026a, Titanium and titanium dioxide: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 196–197. 
  • Ewing, S.M., 2026b, Titanium mineral concentrates: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 198–199. 
  • Flanagan, D.M., 2026, Selenium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 168–169. 
  • Goodin, R.C., 2026, Sand and gravel (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 164–165. 
  • Hatfield, A.K., 2026, Cement: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 62–63. 
  • Jasinski, S.M., 2026, Mica (natural): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 128–129. 
  • Johnston, S.N., 2026, Rare earths: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 152–153. 
  • Kim, Ji-Eun, 2026a, Barite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 48–49. 
  • Kim, Ji-Eun, 2026b, Manganese: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 124–125. 
  • Klochko, Kateryna, 2026, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 114–115. 
  • MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026a, Lime: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 116–117. 
  • MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026b, Salt: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 160–161. 
  • Merrill, A.M., 2026a, Aluminum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 40–41. 
  • Merrill, A.M., 2026b, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 50–51. 
  • Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 2025, Press note on provisional estimates of annual gross domestic product for 2024–25 and quarterly estimates of gross domestic product for the fourth quarter (January–March) of 2024–25: New Delhi, India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, May 30, 14 p. (Accessed March 8, 2026, at https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/press_release/NAD_PR_30may2025….) 
  • Olson, D.W., 2026a, Garnet (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 84–85. 
  • Olson, D.W., 2026b, Wollastonite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 206–207. 
  • Saloum, S.H., 2026, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 182–183. 
  • Schnebele, E.K., 2026a, Bromine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 58–59. 
  • Schnebele, E.K., 2026b, Silicon: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 170–171. 
  • Schulte, R.F., 2026, Chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 66–67. 
  • Simmons, K.J., 2026a, Clays: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 68–69. 
  • Simmons, K.J., 2026b, Feldspar and nepheline syenite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 78–79. 
  • Tolcin, A.C., 2026, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 212–213. 
  • Tuck, C.C., 2026a, Iron and steel: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 102–103. 
  • Tuck, C.C., 2026b, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109. 
  • U.S. Geological Survey, 2026, Table 6.—The U.S. final 2025 critical minerals list: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 23. 

 

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