Iran

Iran was the world’s first-ranked producer of strontium

Pictured: celestine (strontium ore)

Statistics and information on the mining industry in Iran.

Overview

In 2024, Iran was the world’s 1st-ranked producer of strontium, accounting for 50% (estimated) of the world’s production; the 2d-ranked producer of direct-reduced iron (DRI) and mined gypsum, accounting for 24% and 10% (estimated), respectively; the 3d-ranked producer of feldspar, 12% (estimated); the 4th-ranked producer of iodine, 2.1% (estimated); the 5th-ranked producer of barite (excluding the United States) and iron ore (Fe content), 3.8% and 3.7% (estimated), respectively; the 6th-ranked producer of cement and perlite, 1.8% (estimated) and 1.6% (estimated), respectively; the 7th-ranked producer of magnesium (metal), nitrogen (ammonia), and kaolin, 0.46% (estimated), 3.1%, and 4.3% (estimated), respectively; the 9th-ranked producer of molybdenum, 1.1% (estimated); and the 10th-ranked producer of fluorspar, lead, lime, and magnesium compounds (mined magnesite), 0.51% (estimated), 1.5% (estimated), 0.95%, and 0.95% (excluding the United States, estimated), respectively.

The mineral sector’s (not including hydrocarbons) share of the country’s gross domestic product decreased to 2.0% in fiscal year 2024 (March 21, 2024, through March 20, 2025) compared with 2.3% in fiscal year 2023. The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Iran is provided by Mining Act of 1998 and amendments to the Mining Act of 2013. The Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade (MIMT) oversees the mineral sector and provides services including issuing mining and quarrying permits and promoting investment opportunities in the minerals sector. The Government controlled most large-capacity mineral companies through Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (IMIDRO).

The Dare Aloo copper project in Kerman Province was completed in 2024. The processing plant has a production capacity of 100,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of copper concentrate at an average grade of 24.5% Cu. The Darehzar copper project in Kerman Province was fully operational in 2024. The processing plant’s production capacity increased to 173,000 t/yr of copper concentrate. Pars Tamin Mines Development Co. completed the Anjirak gold project at Taftan in Sistan va Baluchestan Province. The mine had an annual production capacity of 832 kilograms of gold. Khouzestan Steel Co.’s Zamzam-3 DRI project in Khouzestan Province was completed in 2024. The Zamzam-3 had a production capacity of 1.76 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of DRI and employed 200 people. Baft Steel Co. completed an expansion project, which increased the company’s DRI production capacity to 1.6 Mt/yr from 800,000 t/yr.

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction

In 2024, Iran was the world’s 1st-ranked producer of strontium, accounting for 50% (estimated) of the world’s production; 2d-ranked producer of direct-reduced iron (DRI) and mined gypsum, accounting for 24 % and 10% (estimated), respectively; the 3d-ranked producer of feldspar, 12 % (estimated); the 4th-ranked producer of iodine, 2.1% (estimated); the 5th-ranked producer of barite (excluding the United States) and iron ore (Fe content), 3.8% and 3.7% (estimated), respectively; the 6th-ranked producer of cement and perlite, 1.8% (estimated) and 1.6% (estimated), respectively; the 7th-ranked producer of magnesium (metal), nitrogen (ammonia) and kaolin, 0.46% (estimated), 3.1% and 4.3% (estimated), respectively; the 9th-ranked producer of molybdenum, 1.1% (estimated); and the 10th-ranked producer of fluorspar, lead, lime, and magnesium (mined magnesite), 0.51% (estimated), 1.5% (estimated), 0.95%, and 0.95% (excluding the United States, estimated), respectively (Midrex Technologies Inc., 2025, p. 9; Brioche, 2026; Crangle, 2026; Hatfield, 2026a, b; Kim, 2026; Klochko, 2026; Londono, 2026a, b, c; MacGregor, 2026; Polyak, 2026; Schnebele, 2026; Simmons, 2026a–c; Tuck, 2026).

Minerals in the National Economy

In 2024, Iran’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated to be \$417 billion. The country’s real GDP increased by 3.7% in 2024 compared with an increase of 5.3% in 2023. The mineral sector’s (not including hydrocarbons) share of the country’s GDP decreased to 2.0% in fiscal year 2024 (March 21, 2024, through March 20, 2025) compared with 2.3% in fiscal year 2023 (International Monetary Fund, 2025; Meta Line, 2025).

Government Policies and Programs

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Iran is provided by Mining Act of 1998 and amendments to the Mining Act of 2013. The Ministry of Industry, Mine, and Trade (MIMT) oversees the mineral sector and provides services including issuing mining and quarrying permits and promoting investment opportunities in the minerals sector (Davoudabadi.ir, undated). More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Africa and the Middle East, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/africa-and-middle-east.

Production

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).

Structure of the Mineral Industry

The Government controlled most large-capacity mineral companies through the Iranian Mines & Mining Industries Development & Renovation Organization (IMIDRO). The leading IMIDRO subsidiaries were Iran Minerals Production & Supply Co., National Iranian Copper Industries Co. (NICICO), and National Iranian Steel Co. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, undated).

Mineral Trade

Total exports value of Iran was estimated to be \$125 billion in fiscal year 2024. The country’s hydrocarbon exports were \$67 billion in fiscal year 2024. Iran’s petrochemical exports including caustic soda, fertilizers, methanol, and sulfuric acid increased by 28% to \$25 billion, accounting for 20% of the total export value. Exports of aluminum, copper and steel were \$6.8 billion in fiscal year 2024. The country’s major destinations of exports were China (which received \$14.9 billion worth of exports), Iraq (\$11.9 billion), the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (\$7.2 billion), Turkey (\$6.9 billion), and Pakistan (\$2.4 billion) (Donya-e-eqtesad, 2025a, b; Javaheri, 2025).

Total imports value of Iran increased by 8% to \$72 billion in fiscal year 2024 compared with those in fiscal year 2023. Imports of gold and articles thereof were \$8.5 billion in fiscal year 2024, compared with \$1.9 billion in fiscal year 2023. The country’s major origins of imports were the UAE (which supplied \$21.9 billion of worth imports), China (\$19.3 billion), Turkey (\$12.5 billion), Germany (\$2.4 billion), and India (\$1.8 billion) (Donya-e-eqtesad, 2024a; Javaheri, 2025).

Commodity Review

Aluminum.—In fiscal year 2024, SALCO produced 243,705 t of primary aluminum; Iranian Aluminium Co. produced 175,119 t; Almahdi Aluminium Co. produced 152,478 t; and Iran Alumina Co. produced 33,224 t. Iran’s domestic aluminum consumption decreased by 16.3% to 459,000 t compared with that in fiscal year 2023. The country’s exports of aluminum and articles thereof increased to $1 billion (420,000 t) in 2024 from \$839 million (350,000 t) in 2023. The major exports destinations were Turkey (51%), China (26%), and Iraq (14%) (Donya-e-eqtesad, 2025d; Madar-e-eqtesadi, 2025, Trade Data Monitor, 2026).

Cement.—Iran’s production of cement decreased to 70.7 Mt in 2024 compared with 71.4 Mt in 2023; and of clinker, to 73 Mt compared with 76.6 Mt in 2023. In 2024, the country’s cement and clinker production capacities were 98 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) and 86.5 Mt/yr, respectively. The country’s cement consumption decreased to 64.5 Mt compared with 66.2 Mt in 2023. Exports of cement and clinker decreased to 13.1 Mt in 2024 compared with 14 Mt in 2023. The top destinations for the cement and clinker exports included Iraq (30% of total exports by weight), Kuwait (22%), Afghanistan (10%), Russia (8%), and Pakistan (5%). The leading cement producer in Iran was Fars & Khuzestan Cement Co., which had a production capacity of about 30 Mt/yr through 20 subsidiaries. The company’s production of cement decreased to 15.1 Mt in 2024 compared with 15.3 Mt in 2023; and cement exports decreased to 1.9 Mt compared with 2.9 Mt in 2023 (Facility table; Production table; Fars & Khuzestan Cement Co., 2024, p. 11; 2025, p. 11, 19, 28; Trade Data Monitor, 2026).

Copper.—Iran’s production of copper ore (gross weight) was estimated to be 54 Mt in 2024. Copper ore production (gross weight) was mainly from the Sarcheshmeh copper complex, which produced 30 Mt at an average grade of 0.61% Cu in 2024. The Darehzar Mine’s production of copper ore (gross weight) was 2.4 Mt at an average grade of 0.52% Cu. In December, the Sungun Mine’s proved and probable reserves increased to 2.49 billion metric tons (Gt) at an average grade of 0.53% Cu compared with 0.79 Gt at an average grade of 0.63% Cu in 2023 (Production table; Atlas Eqtesad, 2025; Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2024b, 2025b; Iran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture, 2025; IRNA, 2025a).

An expansion project at the Sarcheshmeh copper complex was completed in June. The expansion increased copper concentrate production through copper slag flotation by 80,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) to 810,000 t/yr. The Dare Aloo project in Kerman Province, owned by NICICO, was completed in 2024. The plant has a production capacity of 100,000 t/yr of copper concentrate at an average grade of 24.5% Cu. The Darehzar project in Kerman Province, owned by NICICO, was fully operational in 2024. The plant’s production capacity increased to 173,000 t/yr of copper concentrate grading 26% Cu from 30,000 t/yr in 2023 (Madan Bidar24, 2025; IRNA, 2025a).

Gold.—Iran’s gold production was estimated to be 8,700 kilograms (kg) in 2024. The Zarshouran Gold Mine and Mining Industries Development Co.’s production of gold (Au content) increased to 1,043 kg in 2024 compared with 963 kg in 2023. Pars Tamin Mines Development Co. completed the Anjirak gold project at Taftan in Sistan va Baluchestan Province in July. The mine had an annual production capacity of 832 kg of gold (Production table; Iran Minerals Production and Supply Co., 2024, p. 36; IRNA, 2025b, c).

Gypsum.—The leading Province for gypsum production in Iran was Semnan Province in north-central Iran, which was estimated to have a production capacity of more than 16 Mt/yr of gypsum. Other top Provinces for gypsum production were Bushehr Province and Hormozgan Province in southern Iran and Tehran Province in northern Iran. Hormozgan Province produced 758,000 t of gypsum in 2024. Iran’s exports of gypsum decreased by 3% to 2.3 Mt in 2024 from 2023. The major destinations were the UAE (40% of total exports by weight), India (38%), and Kuwait (10%) (Production table; IRNA, 2023; 2024; Trade Data Monitor, 2026).

Iron Ore.—Iron ore production (gross weight) increased to 95.4 Mt in 2024 from 87.9 Mt in 2023. Sangan Iron Ore Co.’s production increased by 19% to 26.4 Mt in 2024 compared with that in 2023. Other leading iron ore producers included Gohar Zamin Iron Ore Co., Gol Gohar Iron Ore Co., and Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Co., which produced 16.5 Mt, 11.7 Mt, and 7.9 Mt, respectively, in 2024. Iran’s iron ore reserves (Fe content) were about 1.5 Gt by yearend 2024 (Production table; Baghishov, 2024; Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2024a, 2025a; Tuck, 2025).

Iron and Steel.—Iran’s production of slab was 11.5 Mt; billet, 9.6 Mt; and rebar, 2.9 Mt. The country’s production of raw steel decreased to 31 Mt in 2024 from 32 Mt in 2023. MSC’s raw steel production was 7.3 Mt; Khouzestan Steel Co. (KSC), 3.1 Mt; Esfahan Steel Co. (ESCO), 2.2 Mt; and South Kaveh Steel Co. (SKS), 1.3 Mt. KSC’s Zamzam-3 project in Khouzestan Province, owned by IMIDRO, was completed in March. The Zamzam-3 had a production capacity of 1.76 Mt/yr of DRI. In May, Baft Steel Co., owned by IMIDRO, completed an expansion project, which increased the company’s DRI production capacity to 1.6 Mt/yr from 800,000 t/yr (Production table; Ahan News, 2024; Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2024c, d; 2025c, d; President.ir, 2024).

Lead and Zinc.—In 2024, Iran’s production of refined lead (primary) decreased by 14% (estimated) from 2023, owing to the country’s energy shortage. The country exported 55,529 t of lead ingots and 736,138 t of zinc ingots in 2024. Iran’s exports of zinc ore and concentrate increased by 14% to 250,000 t in 2024 compared with that in 2023. China was the primary destination, accounting for 98% of these exports. Iran’s proven reserves of lead and zinc were 214 Mt, with an average grade 1.8% Pb and 5.2% Zn (Production table; Donya-e-eqtesad, 2025d; Eghtesad Online, 2025; Iznpb.ir, 2025; Trade Data Monitor, 2026).

Strontium—In 2024, Iran’s exports of strontium carbonate increased by 67% to about 1,000 t in 2024 compared with that in 2023. The destinations were China (60% of total exports by weight), India (30%), and the Republic of Korea (10%). In 2024, the country’s production of celestite (the most common strontium ore) was estimated to be 250,000 t. Iran’s reserves of celestite were estimated to be 2 Mt with an average grade of 85% SrSO₄ in 2024 (Production table; Atlas Stone Persian, 2025; Trade Data Monitor, 2026).

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Table includes data available through February 3, 2026. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. In addition to the commodities listed, bromine, caustic soda, clay (unspecified), crude construction materials (such as sand and shell), crushed stone, dimension stone, dolomite, ferrosilicon, hafnium oxide, ilmenite, iron oxide pigments, limestone, nepheline syenite, pumice, quartzite, selenium, silica, silicomanganese, silver, soda ash, sulfur, zeolites, and zirconium metal may have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.
Commodity	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Alumina	231,612	230,682	225,942	222,138	232,011
Aluminum, primary, metal	446,842	559,647	632,166	635,596	604,526
Antimony, mine, ore, Sb content	400^e	160^e	100^e	90^e	90^e
Barite	288,341	290,000	292,181	300,000^e	300,000^e
Bauxite	846,452	689,149	571,680	598,599	796,540
Bentonite	715,000^e	1,153,283	1,341,023	1,312,418	1,300,000^e
Boron, borax	2,500^e	2,500^e	2,500^e	2,500^e	2,500^e
Celestite, mine, ore	198,779	200,000^e	200,000^e	200,000^e	250,000
Cement, hydraulic	68,300,000	62,700,000	64,200,000	71,400,000	70,700,000
Chromium, mine, chromite concentrates	47,400	47,400	60,000^e	68,000^e	28,000^e
Chromium, mine, chromite concentrates, Cr2O3 content	32,400^e	32,400^e	41,000^e	46,500^e	19,200^e
Chromium, mine, chromite ore	215,000	210,000^e	265,415	320,000^e	250,000^e
Copper, mine, concentrates, 29% to 35% cu, Cu content	297,100	316,800	320,900	303,700	314,200
Copper, mine, ore, 0.6% to 1.2% cu	52,500,000^e	53,000,000^e	54,000,000^e	54,000,000^e	54,000,000^e
Copper, mine, ore, 0.6% to 1.2% cu, Cu content	309,200	315,900	322,000^e	322,000^e	322,000^e
Copper, mine, solvent extraction, Cu content	16,400¹	22,800¹	23,300¹	22,500¹	21,800¹
Copper, refinery, leaching, electrowon, Cu content	16,400¹	22,800¹	23,300¹	22,500¹	21,800¹
Copper, refinery, primary, Cu content	167,500	192,000	206,400	236,900	223,000
Copper, refinery, secondary, Cu content	95,500	88,700	78,400	61,200	67,200
Copper, smelter, primary, Cu content	223,300	246,800	252,700	279,700	272,200
Copper, smelter, secondary, Cu content	127,500	114,400	96,300	72,400	82,700
Direct-reduced iron	30,818,393	31,632,000	32,897,000	33,448,000	34,146,000
Feldspar, mine	1,910,000^e	2,803,515^e	2,880,736	2,900,000^e	2,900,000^e
Ferroalloys, ferrochromium	10,000^e	17,000^e	15,000^e	10,000^e	13,000^e
Fluorspar	116,227	120,727	53,435	53,400^e	53,400^e
Gemstones, turquoise (kilograms)	42,302	42,000^e	42,000^e	42,000^e	42,000^e
Gold, mine, Au content (kilograms)	6,919	6,990	7,472	8,674^e	8,700^e
Gypsum, crude	16,000,000^e	16,000,000^e	17,967,795	18,000,000^e	18,000,000^e
Iodine	700^e	700^e	700^e	700^e	700^e
Iron ore, mine	77,972,720	82,716,987	78,325,737	87,859,872	95,440,943
Iron ore, mine, Fe content	51,100,000	54,200,000	51,300,000	57,500,000	62,500,000
Kaolin	2,050,000^e	2,100,000^e	2,100,000^e	2,100,000^e	2,100,000^e
Lead, mine, concentrates	100,000^e	96,000^e	100,000^e	100,000^e	100,000^e
Lead, mine, concentrates, Pb content	52,000^e	58,000^e	58,000^e	60,000^e	60,000^e
Lead, refinery, primary	23,400^e	24,800	30,000	29,000^e	25,000^e
Lead, refinery, secondary	97,000^e	96,000	96,000	97,000	101,000
Lime	3,900,000^e	3,900,000^e	4,000,000^e	4,000,000^e	4,000,000^e
Magnesite	273,549	225,236	198,392	200,000^e	200,000^e
Magnesium, primary, metal, Mg content	0^e	5,000^e	5,000^e	5,000^e	5,000^e
Manganese, mine, concentrates	25,000	106,000	77,000	193,000	149,000
Manganese, mine, concentrates, Mn content	7,000	29,000	21,000	52,000	40,300
Mica	1,120^e	1,100^e	1,100^e	1,000^e	900^e
Molybdenum, mine, concentrates	4,285	6,253	7,229	9,913	9,195
Molybdenum, mine, concentrates, Mo content	2,389	2,022	2,401	2,984	3,207
Nitrogen, ammonia, N content	3,600,000^e	4,000,000^e	4,400,000^e	4,200,000^e	4,800,000^e
Nitrogen, urea, N content	2,800,000^e	3,400,000^e	3,900,000^e	3,600,000^e	4,000,000^e
Perlite, crude	53,000^e	77,000^e	6,709	69,670	70,000^e
Phosphate rock, ore	280,000^e	220,000^e	250,000	210,000	210,000^e
Phosphate rock, P2O5 content	105,000^e	83,900	95,430	80,790	80,000^e
Pig iron	2,465,919	3,200,000	3,500,000	3,490,000^e	3,520,000^e
Potash	37,000	40,000	40,000	54,504	39,000
Raw steel, ingots and castings	28,990,000	27,901,000	30,433,000	32,108,000	30,952,000
Salt	3,200,000^e	3,100,000^e	3,809,619	4,200,000^e	4,200,000^e
Sulfur, S content	1,400,000^e	1,640,000^e	2,000,000^e	2,400,000^e	2,400,000^e
Talc and related materials, talc	60,000^e	75,000^e	94,000^e	135,775	136,000^e
Uranium, mine, U content	71^e	71^e	71^e	71^e	71^e
Zinc, mine, concentrates	300,000^e	300,000^e	375,000^e	375,000^e	375,000^e
Zinc, mine, concentrates, Zn content	200,000^e	200,000^e	250,000^e	250,000^e	250,000^e
Zinc, smelter, metal	200,000^e	200,000^e	208,000	200,000^e	200,000^e

^e Estimated.

¹ The copper content of solvent extraction output at the mine level is the same as electrowon refinery output because copper produced in the solvent extraction and electrowinning process is typically reported only at the refinery level.

References Cited

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Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2024c, [Steelmaking units—Crude steel production by month in 2023]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/fa.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2024d, [Steelmaking units—Steel products production by month in 2023]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/fa.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2025a, [Iron ore—Production performance by month in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/en/index.php.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2025b, [National Iranian Copper Industries Company—Production performance by month in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/en/index.php.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2025c, [Steelmaking units—Crude steel production by month in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/fa.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2025d, [Steelmaking units—Steel products production by month in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, 2 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, via https://imidro.gov.ir/fa.) [In Persian.]

Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, [undated], [IMIDRO’s subsidiary]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization. (Accessed January 27, 2026, at https://web.archive.org/web/20220721030757/https://imidro.gov.ir/web_di….) [In Persian.]

IRIB, 2025, [Production of 125,000 tons of lead and zinc concentrate in Mehdiabad in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, IRIB News Agency, April 3. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.iribnews.ir/fa/news/4489896/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF-….) [In Persian.]

IRNA, 2023, [65 processing units produce 16 million tons of gypsum annually in Semnan province]: Tehran, Iran, The Islamic Republic News Agency, June 12. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.irna.ir/news/85137911/%DB%B6%DB%B5-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF….) [In Persian.]

IRNA, 2024, [758,000 tons of gypsum were extracted from the mines of Hormozgan]: Tehran, Iran, The Islamic Republic News Agency, July 9. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.irna.ir/news/85533963/%DB%B7%DB%B5%DB%B8-%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7….) [In Persian.]

IRNA, 2025a, [Copper slag condensing plant in Rafsanjan put into operation]: Tehran, Iran, The Islamic Republic News Agency, June 21. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.irna.ir/news/85515123/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%….) [In Persian.]

IRNA, 2025b, [Prosperity of employment and economy depends on the operation of the Taftan gold processing plant]: Tehran, Iran, The Islamic Republic News Agency, September 6. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://web.archive.org/web/20240906011513/https://www.irna.ir/news/855….) [In Persian.]

IRNA, 2025c, [The annual production of gold bars in the Zarshuran mine of Takab set a record]: Tehran, Iran, The Islamic Republic News Agency, May 1. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.irna.ir/news/85818595/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B3….) [In Persian.]

Iznpb.ir, 2025, [Lead and zinc mines]: Tehran, Iran, Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization, Iznpb.ir. (Accessed May 12, 2026, at https://iznpb.ir/mines-list/1403.) [In Persian.]

Javaheri, Aria, 2025, [Exports of about 8.8 billion dollars of mining and mineral industries during 8 months of 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Ma’dan Nameh News Agency, December 22. (Accessed January 27, 2026, at https://madanname.ir/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AD%D8%AF%….) [In Persian.]

Kim, J.-E., 2026, Barite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 48–49.

Klochko, Kateryna, 2026, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 114–115.

Londono, Vanessa, 2026a, Fluorspar: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 80–81.

Londono, Vanessa, 2026b, Magnesium compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 120–121.

Londono, Vanessa, 2026c, Magnesium metal: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 122–123.

MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026, Lime: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 116–117.

Madan Bidar24, 2025, [Copper condensing factories in Daralu and Darrehzar were put into operation]: Tehran, Iran, Madan Bidar24, June 25. (Accessed January 27, 2026, at https://madanbidar.ir/2024/06/24/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D….) [In Persian.]

Madar-e-eqtesadi, 2025, [Production of more than 600,000 tons of aluminum ingots in 2024]: Tehran, Iran, Madar-e-eqtesadi, April 12. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.ecc.news/fa/news/229218/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%….) [In Persian.]

Meta Line, 2025, [The share of the mining sector in Iran's GDP is a small number, but a big alarm]: Meta Line [Tehran, Iran], July 7. (Accessed January 27, 2026, at https://metaline.trade/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%….) [In Persian.]

Midrex Technologies Inc., 2025, 2024 world direct reduction statistics: Charlotte, North Carolina, Midrex Technologies Inc., September, 16 p. (Accessed January 27, 2026, at https://www.midrex.com/wp-content/uploads/MidrexStatsBook2024.pdf.)

Polyak, D.E., 2026, Molybdenum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 130–131.

President.ir, 2024, [Inauguration of Zamzam 3 Steel Factory as the largest producer of sponge iron in the country/ Production of steel with modern technology, reducing energy consumption and environmental pollutants]: Tehran, Iran, President.ir, March 9. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://president.ir/fa/150543.) [In Persian.]

Schnebele, E.K., Iodine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 100–101.

Simmons, K.J., 2026a, Clays: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 68–69.

Simmons, K.J., 2026b, Feldspar and nepheline syenite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 78–79.

Simmons, K.J., 2026c, Perlite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 140–141.

Trade Data Monitor, 2026, Products—Import and export statistics: Charleston, South Carolina, Tarde Data Monitor. (Accessed March 9, 2026, via https://tradedatamonitor.com/.)

Tuck, C.C., 2025, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, p. 100–101.

Tuck, C.C., 2026, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109.

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