Italy

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

The mineral industry in Italy was composed mostly of companies that processed metals (including steel) and manufactured construction materials. Italy was one of the leading producers of stone in the world in terms of volume. The country has largely ceased mining for metals and relies on secondary scrap recovery or imports for necessary materials; however, exploration projects for viable metal resources are ongoing. In 2024, Italy was the fourth-ranked producer of iron oxide pigments (estimate, excluding the United States); and the fifth-ranked producer of feldspar and industrial sand and gravel, accounting for 7.1% and 3.1% of world output, respectively. Other mineral commodities for which Italy was a leading world producer were salt and talc (Production table; Facilities table; Stone-ideas.com, 2025; Goodin, 2026; Kim, 2026; Simmons, 2026). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, Italy’s nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was \$2.37 trillion; the country’s real GDP increase was 0.7%. The gross value added of Italy’s industrial sector, which included construction, manufacturing and mining accounted for 25.4% of the total national gross value added (GVA). Production of mineral commodities was estimated to have contributed 4.5% to Italy’s GVA. Specifically, the manufacturing of base metals and metal products contributed 2.7%; the manufacturing of plastic, rubber, and other nonmetallic mineral products, 1.6%; and the mining and quarrying, 0.2%. In 2024, a total of 18,500 employees were employed in the mining and quarrying sector, accounting for about 0.07% of the total employed population of 26.5 million people. The manufacturing sector employed about 4.0 million people, accounting for about 15% of total employed population. Of the 4.0 million, 739,100 worked in the manufacturing of basic metals and metal products; and 342,800 in the manufacturing of nonmetallic mineral products (International Monetary Fund, 2025; Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, 2026a, b). 

Government Policies and Programs 

Italy’s basic mining legislation is the law No. 1443 of July 29, 1927, which gives ownership of subsoil minerals to the State. The tax regime for mine operators is regulated by law No. 752 of June of 1982. Quarrying operations are regulated by law No. 44 of September of 1982. More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports — International — Europe and Central Eurasia, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/europ…;

In 2024, Decree-Law No. 84 of 25 June 2024 was enacted. The Decree-Law contains provisions on critical raw materials (CRM) of strategic interest. It defines measures aimed at implementing the secure and sustainable supply of strategic raw materials under the European Union (EU) Regulation 2024/1252, also known as the EU CRM Act. The Decree-Law was later converted into Law No. 115 of 8 August 2024, which entered into force on August 14. The Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale [Superior Institute for Environmental Protection and Research], or ISPRA, has launched the Georisorse Minerarie d’Italia (GEMMA) [Mineral Georesources of Italy] portal, which provides information on Italy’s mineral resources. The Servizio Geologico d’Italia [Italian Geological Service], operating under ISPRA, is responsible for implementing the National Exploration Program defined by Law No. 115. The Ministero dell’Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica (MASE) [Ministry of Environment and Energy Security] issues licenses for the mining, processing, and recycling of strategic critical raw materials (Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy, 2022, 2023a, 2023b; Palmieri and Cremona, 2024). 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

Mineral resources, by law, are the property of the Government; however, mineral commodities were produced mainly by private companies and by mixed public-private partnerships. Despite the privatization effort in the 1990s and early 2000s, the Government retains ownership in hundreds of companies, including several high-profile companies. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are generally subject to the same tax treatment and budget constraints as fully private firms and are subject to private sector competition. Many SOEs are listed on stock exchanges, and SOEs account for about 30% of Italy’s stock market capitalization. A smaller privatization effort in the 2010s was halted and partly reversed during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic; the Government acquired stakes in some entities which were either classified as strategic or facing financial difficulties. For example, the Government became a shareholder in ArcelorMittal S.A. (ArcelorMittal)’s Italian subsidiary AMInvestco S.p.A. in 2021, through Invitalia S.p.A. (Invitalia), to form Acciaierie d'Italia Holding S.p.A. (Acciaierie d’Italia). This company was a public-private partnership owned by ArcelorMittal (62%) and Invitalia (38%). The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (U.S. Department of State, 2024).   

Mineral Trade  

In 2024, Italy’s total exports amounted to \$673 billion, almost stationary compared with those in 2023 (\$677 billion). Exports of base metals and articles of base metal, excluding machinery, totaled \$52.3 billion, which was a 5% decrease compared with that of 2023, of which exports of iron, steel, and articles thereof were valued at \$36.2 billion. The top five export partners for base metals and articles thereof were Germany (which received about 18% of total Italy’s base metal exports, by value), France (11%), and Poland, Spain, and the United States (5% each) (Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

In 2024, Italy’s total imports amounted to \$621 billion, which was a decrease of 3% compared with that of 2023. Imports of base metals and articles thereof, excluding machinery, totaled \$52.8 billion (among which, iron, steel, and articles thereof, \$31.2 billion; copper and articles thereof, \$10.0 billion; aluminum and articles thereof, \$8.8 billion), which was a 4% decrease compared with that of 2023. Italy’s top five import partners for this commodity group in 2024 were Germany (which supplied about 16% of total Italy’s base metal imports, by value), France (8%), China and Spain (7% each), and Austria (5%) (Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

In 2024, Italy imported about \$27.2 billion worth of goods from the United States, a 3% increase compared with that of 2023. In 2024, mineral fuels were Italy’s primary import from the United States, valued at \$5.7 billion. Exports of precious metals and stones accounted for \$1.6 billion, of which waste and scrap of precious metals was valued at \$660 million, gold, \$390 million, and platinum-group metals, \$330 million. Exports of iron, steel, and articles thereof amounted to \$390 million (Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

In 2024, Italy exported about \$68.9 billion worth of goods to the United States, a decrease of approximately 4% compared with that of 2023. In 2024, precious metals and stones were Italy’s primary mineral-related export to the United States, valued at \$1.9 billion. Of this, imports of jewelry made of precious metals were valued at \$1.4 billion, and platinum-group metals, \$250 million.  The total imports for iron, steel, and articles thereof accounted for \$1.8 billion; mineral fuels, \$850 billion; cement, stone, and other construction materials, \$720 million; aluminum and articles thereof, \$330 million; articles of base metal, \$220 million; and copper and articles thereof, \$210 million (Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

Commodity Review 

Metals 

Cobalt, Copper, and Nickel.—In 2024, Italy did not yet mine cobalt, copper, nickel, or any other metals commercially. Altamin Ltd. (Altamin) of Australia continued to hold a stake in critical mineral projects at Punta Corna, Piemonte, and at Corchia, Emilia-Romagna, a former cobalt and copper mine. The Corchia Mine was known for its historical high-grade cobalt content; it also contained copper, gold, nickel, and silver. In 2024, Altamin continued to develop these projects, but they were not among its top priorities in Italy (Altamin Ltd., 2024, p. i, ii, 2, 5, 8, 9). 

Circular Materials S.r.l.’s (Circular) RECOVER-IT project in Cadoneghe, Padova Province, was expected to recover copper, nickel (battery grade), and platinum-group metals (PGMs) from wastewater. The company was expected to start production in 2026 and reach full production capacity in 2029. Portovesme S.r.l. (Portovesme) planned to use hydrometallurgical processes to produce secondary Mixed Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP), containing cobalt, copper, and nickel, starting from black mass, generated by the treatment of end-of-life batteries, at its Portovesme CRM Hub in Sardinia. In addition, the company was expected to produce lithium carbonate. Portovesme planned to start production in 2029. Both Circular and Portovesme applied for EU funding under the CRM Act in 2024 (Publications Office of the European Union, 2025c, d). 

Iron and Steel.—In 2024, the country’s production of raw steel decreased by about 5% to 20.0 million metric tons (Mt) from 21.1 Mt in 2023. Pig iron production in 2024 in Italy decreased by 20%, to 2.4 Mt from 3.1 Mt in 2023. In 2024, AdI produced 2 Mt of raw steel at Taranto, where the company operated an integrated plant that processed iron ore into pig iron, and then finally into raw steel. The company’s raw steel production remained significantly below capacity and below plans that announced a production increase to 5 Mt. In 2023, the Ministry of Finance provided AdI a grant of \$742 million for investments in the plant, and to support production capacity. Production decreased, and commitments regarding employment levels and industrial relaunch were allegedly not met, which led the Italian Government and Invitalia to rethink their collaboration with ArcelorMittal (Facilities table; Production table; Tanatar, 2023; Capra, 2024; Kolisnichenko, 2025). 

Starting in early 2024, Acciaierie d’Italia was placed under Extraordinary Administration by the Government. In May 2024, a fire took place at Blast Furnace (BF) 4, which was the only operational furnace at the Taranto plant at the time. The plant was completely idled, temporarily, for the first time in its history. BF 1 at AdI’s plant in Taranto was restarted in October 2024. BF 1 had been idled since August 2023 owing to the mandated installation of filters for pollution reduction. The new filters were a necessary step to obtain the integrated environmental authorization allowing the company to continue using BF 1. The significant decrease in pig iron production was attributed owing to the above issues at Acciaierie d’Italia’s (AdI) integrated plant in Taranto. The company announced the transition from blast furnaces to electric arc furnaces owing to environmental factors. Nevertheless, BF 1 was expected to produce the necessary amount of pig iron to sustain the plant in transitional period. Also in October, AdI announced a plan to build a direct reduced iron (DRI) plant with a production capacity of 2.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) at Taranto, in collaboration with DRI d’Italia S.p.A. DRI technology was expected to reduce CO₂ emissions in steel production, with less use of coal. Substantial public financial resources, about $1 billion, were provided for the project by the Government pursuant to Law no. 56 of April 29, 2024. AdI planned to produce 3.5 Mt of steel in 2025 owing to partial resumption of the BF 2 furnace production in the first quarter of 2025 (Capra, 2023; Calarese and Tomasi, 2024; Calarese, Tomasi, and Fabretti, 2024; Steel Orbis, 2024; Tomasi and Calarese, 2024; Kolisnichenko, 2025).  

Lead and Zinc.—Gorno Zinc project (Gorno) in Oltre il Colle, Lombardy, northern Italy, was owned and operated by Vedra Metals S.r.l. (Vedra), a joint venture, 70.1% of which was owned by Altamin, and 29.9% by Appian Italy B.V. (Appian). Appian negotiated the right to invest an additional \$55 million to increase its stake from 29.9% to 67.4%. In March, the Cime exploration license at Gorno was renewed. The license renewal provided authorization for a channel sampling, focusing on areas of mineralization not included in the 2021 mineral resource estimate. Vedra focused on the lower Breno unit, and in July, the sampling returned higher than expected metal grades, which could lead to follow-up sampling for a potential upgrade of the lead, silver, and zinc resources at Gorno and an extension of mine life. In 2024, Vedra continued technical studies to complete Phase 1 of the Definite Feasibility Study for Gorno, in order to support the Gorno Mining License application. In 2021, the total mineral resources (Joint Ore Reserves Committee compliant) were estimated at about 7.8 Mt, grading 6.8% zinc [528,000 metric tons (t) of zinc], 1.8% lead (137,000 t), and 32 grams per metric ton (g/t) silver (250 t) (Altamin Ltd., 2024, p. 2–5, 48). 

Platinum-Group Metals.—Italy did not mine PGMs; however, the country remained an important platinum group metal processing hub, with Italy being the fifth leading source of platinum for the United States, in terms of value in 2024, accounting for 4.3% of total platinum imports, valued at \$298 million. Solvay Chimica Italia applied for EU funding under the CRM Act in 2024 for its Alpha Recycling Project, which planned to recycle palladium at its facility in Rosignano, starting in 2027. The palladium recovered at the Rosignano plant was expected to be used in producing catalytic converters for internal combustion engines and electrolyzers to produce hydrogen fuel. In addition, palladium was expected to be used to produce hydrogen peroxide used in the semiconductor industry (Publications Office of the European Union, 2025a; Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

Rare Earths.—Italy did not mine rare-earth elements (REE). Mineraria Gerrei s.r.l. (Gerrei) received a mining license in 2023 and planned to restart production at the historical Silius Mine in 2024, although, at the end of the year, production had not yet restarted. The fluorspar ore was estimated to contain about 951 parts per million (ppm) REE. Gerrei did not announce test production of REE alongside fluorspar and lead test production results, so it remained unclear whether the company would produce REE commercially. Erion S.C.a.r.l.’s (Erion) rare-earth element recovery project, INSPIREE, in Frosinone planned to recycle NdFeB (neodymium iron boron) magnets from hard disks and electric motors and recover REE via hydrometallurgy at Itelyum Regeneration S.p.A.’s plant. Erion expected to treat 2,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of permanent magnets and recover 700 t/yr of REE compounds. The company applied for EU funding under the CRM Act in 2024 and planned to start production in 2027 (Gioia, 2023, p. 15; Publications Office of the European Union, 2025b). 

Industrial Minerals 

Clay, Feldspar, and Industrial Sand and Gravel.—The Minerali Industriali Group (MIG) remained a major producer and processor of industrial minerals in Italy. The company and its subsidiaries dealt with the mining and treatment of raw materials such as clay (including kaolin), feldspar, granite, quartz, rhyolite, and silica sands. In 2024, the company reported selling 2.54 Mt of products, a 10% decrease compared with 2.83 Mt in 2023. A more comprehensive breakdown remains unavailable, however, MIG supplied approximately 1 Mt of silica and feldspathic sands, with iron oxide content between 80 and 600 ppm, to glass manufacturers. MIG subsidiary Maffei Sarda Silicati S.p.A. mined feldspar from its quarries in Sardinia and processed it in its Ossi plant (Minerali Industriali Group, 2025a, b, p. 12, 18, 19, 92). 

Fluorspar.—In 2024, Gerrei owned the Silius Mine, located 50 kilometers (km) north of Cagliari, Sardinia. The Silius deposit was considered one of the largest acid-grade fluorspar deposits in Europe, containing about 2.1 Mt of fluorspar. Gerrei invested about \$48 million into reopening the Silius Mine since the company’s founding in 2018. The ore contained about 32% fluorspar and 3% lead sulfide, as well as REE at an average concentration of 951 ppm, mainly light REE. Gerrei tested production at its new beneficiation plant, obtaining 97% to 98% fluorspar, as well as 72% lead sulfide (PbS) concentrate with 11% zinc oxide (ZnO) content. The plant’s expected production capacity was about 70,000 t/yr of fluorspar, and 6,800 t/yr of PbS concentrate (about 4,200 t of lead content). This would correspond to about 1,000 t/yr of ZnO (about 800 t of zinc content); however, this capacity was not reported by the company (Gioia, 2023, p. 6, 9, 13, 15, 29, 30; Mineraria Gerrei S.r.l., 2025). 

Lithium and Potash.—In 2024, the second of Altamin’s two primary efforts in Italy was the Lazio Geothermal Lithium Project (Lazio Project), located about 30 km north of Rome. The project operator was Lithium Italy S.r.l., a company wholly owned by Energia Minerals Italia S.r.l., in which Altamin held 100% stake. The Lazio Project geothermal brines contained boron, lithium, and potassium. In February, the Lazio Region granted four exploration licenses, increasing the area of the Lazio Project by 500% to about 111 square kilometers. The project had exploration licenses for six areas—Campagnano, Cassia, Galeria, Melazza, Sabazia, and Sacrofano. In March, Altamin and Iren S.p.A. of Italy signed a memorandum of understanding to collaborate on securing financing and permits for the Lazio Project (Altamin, 2024, p. i, ii, 5, 6, 15). 

In April, Altamin announced the initial mineral resource estimate (MRE) for the Lazio Project. The MRE had a cutoff of 70 milligrams per liter (mg/l) of lithium in the brine. The lithium content (indicated resources) was 39,000 t, or 208,000 t Lithium Carbonate Equivalent (LCE), at 190 mg/l; the indicated boric acid content was 1.5 Mt, at 7,500 mg/l; and the indicated potassium content was 17.5 Mt, or 56.5 Mt sulfate of potash equivalent (SOPE) at 84,000 mg/l. The lithium content (total resources) was reported to be 352,000 t (2.087 Mt LCE), at 100 mg/l; the total boric acid content was 38.4 Mt, at 9,500 mg/l; and the total potassium content was 101.5 Mt (327.8 Mt SOPE), at 25,000 mg/l. Altamin aimed to produce fertilizer (sulfate of potash) and lithium at the Lazio Project; the company was in the process of addressing necessary requirements for obtaining a mining license (Altamin Ltd., 2024, p. i, ii, 1, 5, 6, 8, 15; 2025). 

Stone.— In 2024, Italy remained a significant producer of stone in Europe. Production of marble (including travertine), the country’s most valuable stone product, remained nearly constant at 1.04 Mt. In 2024, the sector's total foreign sales of granite, marble, natural stone, and travertine increased by 5.8% compared to 2023, to an overall sales value of \$2.36 billion¹, a record for Italian stone exports. Finished and semifinished stone products accounted for about 80% of the total, with revenue of \$1.86 billion, an increase of 4.5% compared with 2023. Sales of raw stone amounted to \$495 million, a 10.7% increase compared with 2023. In the raw blocks category, Italy exported \$247 million to China, a 27% increase compared with that of 2023; China had a 50% share of 2024 raw stone exports. In the finished products category, the United States (\$586 million), Germany (\$135 million), France (\$125 million), and Switzerland (\$109 million) were the leading export destinations. Finished stone product exports to the United States increased by 14% in value compared with those in 2023 (Marmo Macchine International, 2025). 

Outlook 

In 2024, EU’s CRM Act, which supports the mining and processing of 34 critical materials on European soil, and the Italian Decree-Law No. 84, converted into Law No. 115/2024, were passed. In the near future, the new laws and announced investments are expected to spur the restart of metal mining operations not seen since last century. The mining projects closest to completion were Altamin’s Gorno Zinc Project and Lazio Geothermal Lithium project as well as Mineraria Gerrei’s Silius fluorspar project. Italian companies have also applied for EU funding under the CRM Act for the secondary production of cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, platinum-group metals, and rare earths. In the medium term, Italy is more likely to become a significant recycling hub than a metal mining country. Owing to high energy prices, energy-intensive operations, such as production of aluminum, iron, lead, steel, and zinc production, have been curtailed in Italy and Europe over the past few years, with the trend being expected to continue. Iron and steel producers, especially Acciaierie d’Italia S.p.A., have faced continued financial problems owing to high energy costs, expecting to lead to increased Government intervention. 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited

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• Altamin Ltd., 2025, Lazio project: Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Altamin Ltd. (Accessed September 25, 2025, at https://www.altamin.com.au/lazio.) 

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