Japan

Japan was the world's second-ranked producer of titanium sponge

Pictured: rutile (titanium ore)

Statistics and information on the mining industry in Japan.

Overview

In 2024, Japan was ranked second in iodine production, accounting for 28% of the world’s production (excluding the United States, estimated), selenium (20%, excluding the United States, estimated), titanium sponge (15%, excluding the United States, estimated), and refined tellurium (7.1%, excluding the United States, estimated); third in production of refined cadmium (6.9%, estimated), refined indium (6.0%), pig iron (4.8%), raw steel (4.5%), refined bismuth (3.1%, estimated), and gallium (0.35%, estimated); fourth in refined copper (5.7%) and bromine (4.6%, excluding the United States, estimated); and sixth in lime (1.4%) and arsenic (less than 1%, estimated). Other mineral commodities produced included aluminum, antimony, cement, cobalt, ferroalloys, germanium, gold, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, platinum-group metals, rare-earth oxides, silver, sulfur, tantalum, talc, tin, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc.

The manufacturing, construction, and mining sectors accounted for 19%, 5.3%, and 0.1%, respectively, of Japan’s gross domestic product in 2024. The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Japan is provided by the 1950 Mining Act (No. 289 of 1950), as last amended by the 2011 Mining Act (No. 84 of 2011). Major agencies overseeing the mineral industry of Japan include the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, under the Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry; and the Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security. Japan’s mineral industry was primarily owned and operated by private companies. The mining industry was minimal in scale, with the Hishikari gold mine in Kagoshima Prefecture, owned and operated by the Sumitomo Group, being the only active metal mine in Japan in 2024. Japan’s processing of ferrous and nonferrous metals, particularly critical minerals, were mainly operated by large domestic companies including Dowa Metals & Mining Co. Ltd., JX Advanced Metals Corp., Mitsui Group, Mitsubishi Group, and Sumitomo Group. The presence of foreign companies was minimal in the metal processing sector, with an exception being Vale Japan Ltd., which was owned and operated by the Vale S.A. of Brazil. Vale Japan was the majority-owner of the Matsusaka plant, which produced intermediate nickel products (nickel oxide) and had the Sumitomo Group as a minority shareholder.

In September, Osaka Titanium Technologies Co. Ltd. announced investments of \$218 million to expand the titanium sponge capacity of its Amagasaki plant by 10,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) to 50,000 t/yr, with an expected completion date of 2027. In October, Mitsubishi Materials Corp. commenced copper smelter and refinery operations with a capacity of 234,000 t/yr of refined copper at its Naoshima plant using copper ore sourced from its Mantoverde Mine in Chile, which began producing copper concentrate in late June 2024. In December, Toho Zinc Co. Ltd. announced that it would cease its zinc smelting operations at its Annaka and Onahama refineries and focus on its recycling business. Toho Zinc was the leading zinc producer in Japan and accounted for 38% of total primary zinc capacity in the country.

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction

Owing to the depletion of domestic mineral resources and the lack of mine production, Japan imported metallic ores and concentrates of aluminum, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, silver, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, uranium, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium. In 2024, Japan was the second-ranked importer of ash, metallic ash, ores, and slag, accounting for 7.4% of global imports of all countries, by value, after China (66%) (Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026; Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026).

Minerals in the National Economy

In 2024, Japan’s nominal domestic product (GDP) was \$4.19 trillion (JPY634 trillion),¹ and real GDP decreased by 0.2%. The manufacturing, construction, and mining sectors accounted for 19%, 5.3%, and 0.1%, respectively, of Japan’s GDP in 2024. In 2024, 20,000 people were employed in the mining and quarrying sector, which composed less than 1% of the total number of employed people in the country (Cabinet Office of Japan, 2025a, p. 9; 2025b; 2025c; Japan Statistics Bureau, 2025, p. 129).

Government Policies and Programs

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Japan is provided by the 1950 Mining Act (No. 289 of 1950) as last amended by the 2011 Mining Act (No. 84 of 2011). The Agency for Natural Resources and Energy under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry is responsible for formulating Japan’s mineral and energy policies; and the Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security is charged with securing a stable supply of petroleum, natural gas, nonferrous metals, and other mineral commodities, implementing mine pollution control measures, expanding investment businesses related to asset acquisition of metals and mineral products, such as rare metals. More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Asia and the Pacific, which are available at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/asia-… (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2012, p. 1; Kikkawa, 2013, p. 33–34; Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, 2018; Japan Organization for Metals and Energy Security, 2023).

Production

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).

Structure of the Mineral Industry

Japan’s mineral industry was primarily owned and operated by private companies. The mining industry was minimal in scale, with the Hishikari Mine in Kagoshima Prefecture, owned and operated by the Sumitomo Group as the ultimate parent company, the only active metal mine in Japan in 2024. Japan’s processing of ferrous and nonferrous metals, particularly critical minerals, were mainly operated by large domestic companies including Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., JX Advanced Metals Corp., Mitsui Group, Mitsubishi Group, and Sumitomo Group, all of which were domestic companies. The presence of foreign companies was minimal in the metal-processing sector, with an exception being Vale Japan Ltd., which was a subsidiary of Vale Canada Ltd. (ultimate parent company Vale S.A. of Brazil) and owned the Matsusaka plant, though the plant produced intermediate nickel products (nickel oxide) and had the Sumitomo Group as a minority shareholder. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities.

Mineral Trade

Japan’s major trade partners for exports of nonfuel mineral commodities [Harmonized System (HS) chapters 25, 26, 28, 71–76, and 78–81] were, in order by value, China (\$24.6 billion), the Republic of Korea (\$7.13 billion), the United States (\$7.05 billion), Thailand (\$6.71 billion), and Taiwan (\$6.03 billion). Major trade partners for imports of nonfuel mineral commodities were, in order by value, China (\$12.5 billion), Australia (\$10.1 billion), the United States (\$5.11 billion), the Republic of Korea (\$6.02 billion), and Indonesia (\$6.15 billion). Japan’s largest exports of nonfuel mineral commodities were, in order by value, iron and steel (\$27.4 billion); precious or semi-precious stones and metals (\$22.9 billion); copper and articles thereof (\$13.4 billion); articles of iron and steel (\$13.4 billion); and inorganic chemicals, organic or inorganic compounds of precious metals, rare-earth metals, and radioactive elements (\$7.75 billion). Japan’s largest imports of nonfuel mineral commodities were, in order by value, ore, slag, and ash (\$28.5 billion); precious or semi-precious stones and metals (\$15.3 billion); aluminum and articles thereof (\$8.30 billion); iron and steel (\$7.97 billion); and articles of iron and steel (\$7.16 billion) (Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026).

The leading exported nonfuel mineral commodities, in order by value, to the United States were chemical products (\$1.96 billion), articles of iron and steel (\$1.89 billion), iron and steel (\$1.23 billion), precious and semiprecious stones and metals as well as articles thereof (\$791 million), and miscellaneous base metals and articles thereof (\$457 million). The leading imported nonfuel mineral commodities, in order by value, from the United States were ores, slag and ash (\$1.18 billion), precious and semiprecious stones and metals as well as articles thereof (\$1.14 billion), chemical products (\$1.04 billion), articles of iron and steel (\$478 million), and aluminum and articles thereof (\$370 million) (Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026).

Commodity Review

Arsenic.—Japan produced an estimated 40 metric tons (t) of arsenic trioxide in 2024. Japan’s production of arsenic trioxide was heavily reliant on imported arsenic metal, 95% of which was imported from China. Furukawa Denshi Co. Ltd. was the primary producer of arsenic trioxide in the country (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co. Ltd., 2025, p. 17).

Bismuth.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 500 t of refined bismuth. The Takehara Refinery, with the largest annual bismuth refinery capacity in Japan, was operated by a subsidiary of Mitsui & Co. Ltd. The United States imported 106 t of refined bismuth from Japan in 2024, which was an increase of 166% compared to 2023 and was the result shifting bismuth imports from China (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2024, p. 110; 2025, p. 109; Klochko, 2026).

Bromine.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 20,000 t of bromine. The sole producer of bromine in the country was Tosoh Corp. Japan’s leading trade partners for bromine (HS chapter 2801.30; fluorine trade considered to be negligible) exports and imports, by quantity, were China (80% of total exports, 8,300 t) and Israel (91% of total imports, 2,000 t), respectively (Facilities table, Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026; Schnebele, 2026b).

Cadmium.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 1,580 t of cadmium, and Dowa Metals & Mining, through its subsidiary Akita Zinc Co., Ltd., was the leading producer with a capacity of 900 metric tons per year (t/yr). Annual domestic consumption in 2024 was estimated to be 300 t, which was mainly used for nickel cadmium battery manufacturing. Japan’s leading trade partner for exports of cadmium metals and articles thereof (HS chapter 8112.69) was India (94% of total exports, 1,600 t) (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2024, p. 108; 2025, p. 107; Callaghan, 2026).

Copper.—In 2024, Japan produced 1.26 million metric tons (Mt) and 343,000 t of primary and secondary smelter copper, respectively; and 1.20 Mt and 364,000 t of primary and secondary refinery copper, respectively. Japan imported 5.21 Mt of copper ores and concentrates, which was an increase of 406,255 t compared with that in 2023, of which Chile supplied 2.19 Mt of copper ores in 2024, an increase of 532,355 t. This was attributable to the commencement by Mitsubishi Materials Corp. of copper smelter and refinery operations at its Naoshima smelter-refinery using copper ore sourced from the Mantoverde Mine in Chile in September. Mitsubishi Materials Corp. acquired a 30% interest in the mine in 2021, and copper concentrate production commenced in late June 2024 (Production table; Mitsubishi Materials Corp., 2024; Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026).

Gallium.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 3 t of high-purity (99.99% and higher) gallium, and 60 t of gallium recovered from recycled scrap. Annual domestic consumption (including recycled gallium) in 2024 was estimated to be 127 t, of which 65 t was for chemical composite semiconductor production, and the rest was for solar cell, gas, and magnet production. Japan imported an estimated 50 t of gallium in 2024, with China being the largest source at 46% of total imports (Alm Publishing, Co., Ltd., 2025, p. 21, 22; Schnebele, 2026c).

Indium.—In 2024, Japan produced 65 t of refined indium. Annual domestic consumption in 2024 was estimated to be 427 t, of which 222 t was primary (ore- or concentrate-sourced) indium, and 205 t was secondary (recycled) indium. Japan imported an estimated 107 t of primary indium, and Taiwan was the largest trading partner, which supplied 44% of total imports, at 47 t. The sole producer of primary indium in Japan was Dowa Metals & Mining, through its subsidiary, with an annual primary indium capacity of 150 t/yr (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2025, p. 105, 106; Crangle, 2026b).

Iodine.—In 2024, Japan produced 8,800 t of iodine. Japan exported 5,200 t of iodine, and its leading trading partners (HS chapter 2801.20) were Norway (which received 23% of the total), China (17%), and India (16%). Japan had 78% of global iodine reserves. In April, Toho Earthtech Inc. commenced partial operation of iodine production at a new plant in Nishikawa, Niigata Prefecture (Production table; Toho Earthtech Inc., 2024; Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026; Schnebele, 2026d).

Iron and Steel.—In 2024, Japan ranked third in the world in raw steel production (84 Mt) after China (1.01 billion metric tons) and India (150 Mt). The leading producers of raw steel in Japan in 2024 were Nippon Steel Corp. (43.6 Mt) and JFE Steel Corp. (23.5 Mt). Nippon Steel Corp. was the fourth-ranked producer of raw steel in the world (World Steel Association, 2025; Tuck, 2026).

Japan’s semimanufactured steel production comprised 58.8 Mt of ordinary steel and 15.6 Mt of specialty steel, and 60% of the total ordinary steel products was consumed domestically, with the rest exported. The construction sector (including civil engineering projects) was the leading direct consumer of ordinary steel products (accounting for 15% of consumption), followed by the automobile (12%), shipbuilding (5.2%), and electrical machinery and equipment (2.3%) industries; 20% was consumed by domestic steel dealers. Of the total specialty steel products produced, 72% was consumed domestically, whereas the remainder was exported. The automobile industry was the leading consumer of specialty steel products (accounting for 29% of consumption), followed by further processing (23%), miscellaneous consumption (11%), and industrial machinery and equipment (8.7%) (Production table; Japan Iron and Steel Federation, 2024a–c; 2025).

Rare Earths.—No mines in Japan produced rare earths. Japan imported 22,401 t of rare earths in 2024, of which rare earths metals (HS chapter 2805.30) comprised 8,335 t; cerium compounds (excluding cerium oxide; chapter 2846.10.0900), 4,727 t; rare-earth compounds (excluding yttrium oxide and lanthanum oxide; chapter 2846.90.2900), 3,366 t; cerium oxide (chapter 2846.10.0100), 2,914 t; yttrium oxide (chapter 2846.90.2100), 1,572 t; and lanthanum oxide (chapter 2846.90.2200), 1,488 t. Japan’s leading import partners for rare-earth metals were China (which supplied 63% of total imports) and Vietnam (32%). Japan’s leading import partners for rare-earth compounds were China (which supplied 76% of total imports), France (13%), and Estonia (5.6%) (Facilities table; Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026).

Selenium.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 730 t of refined selenium. Annual domestic consumption was estimated at 80 t, primarily for glass additives and high-purity (99.99% and higher, Se content) products, such as photovoltaic batteries and medical X-ray devices. Japan’s exports of selenium were an estimated 639 t, and India was its leading trading partner (which received 34% of the total) (Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2025, p. 111; Flanagan, 2026b).

Tellurium.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 70 t of refined tellurium. Annual domestic consumption was estimated at 50 t, primarily for free-machining steel, bismuth-tellurium thermoelectric converters, and rubber vulcanization accelerators. Japan’s exports of boron and tellurium (HS chapter 2804.50; majority assumed to be tellurium) were 62 t, and Canada was its leading trading partner (which received 72% of the total). Tellurium in Japan was recovered from copper refining processes. A major producer was the Mitsubishi Group, through its subsidiary, which had an annual tellurium refinery capacity of 32 t/yr (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2025, p. 111; Flanagan, 2026c).

Titanium.—In 2024, Japan produced an estimated 57,000 t of titanium sponge. Annual domestic consumption was 18,208 t, which was a decrease of 9% compared with that in 2023. Japan’s exports of titanium sponge were 35,300 t, which was also a decrease of 9% compared to that in 2023, owing to the decreased exports to its leading trading partner, the United States (which received 74% of the total), which had lower consumption stemming from decreased commercial aircraft production. In September, Osaka Titanium announced investments of \$218 million to expand the annual titanium sponge capacity of its Amagasaki plant by 10,000 t, with an expected completion by 2027 (Facilities table; Alm Publishing Co., Ltd., 2025, p. 42, 43; Osaka Titanium Technologies Co., Ltd., 2025; Ewing, 2026).

Zinc.—In 2024, Japan produced 473,458 t of smelter zinc, of which an estimated 380,000 t was primary zinc, and 95,000 t was secondary zinc. Japan imported 675,231 t of zinc ores and concentrates (HS chapter 2608), and its leading trade partners were Bolivia and Mexico (which each supplied 22% of the total), Australia and Peru (20% each), and the United States (16%). Japan exported 131,644 t of unwrought zinc (HS chapter 7901), and its leading trade partners were India (which received 40% of the total), China and Taiwan (15% each), and Vietnam (10%). In December, Toho Zinc Co., Ltd. announced that it would be shutting down its primary zinc smelting operations at its Annaka and Onahama facilities and focus on the production of recycled minerals. Toho Zinc was the leading zinc producer in Japan and accounted for 38% of total primary zinc capacity in the country (Facilities table; Production table; Japan Metal Bulletin, 2024; Japan Ministry of Finance, 2026).

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

Table includes data available through February 26, 2026. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. In addition to the commodities listed, aluminum hydroxide, arsenic, chromium, diamond, diatomite, germanium products, gypsum, manganese, niobium products, pyrophyllite, rare-earth oxide products, soda ash, tantalum, vanadium, and zeolites may have been produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output.
Commodity	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Alumina	40,000^e	30,000^e	20,000^e	20,000^e	20,000^e
Aluminum, products, powders	8,842	12,022	10,928	9,332	10,454
Aluminum, secondary, metal	690,200	786,600	725,300	731,000	730,000^e
Antimony, refinery, metal, Sb content	3,881	4,834	4,459	3,755	3,800^e
Bentonite	250,000^e	260,000^e	260,000^e	260,000^e	260,000^e
Bismuth, refinery	570^e1	500^e1	490^e1	500^e1	500^e1
Bromine	20,000^e	18,000^e	20,000^e	20,000^e	20,000^e
Cadmium, refinery, primary	1,880^e	1,800^e	1,800^e	1,640^e	1,580^e
Cement, hydraulic	50,905,385	50,083,322	48,532,572	44,474,838	42,028,484
Clinker	48,627,679	47,234,987	45,313,590	40,526,081	39,714,831
Cobalt, refinery, secondary, metal, Co content	4,200^e	3,500^e	3,700^e	3,800^e	3,700^e
Copper, refinery, primary, Cu content	1,242,743	1,119,400	1,168,100	1,123,100	1,203,000
Copper, refinery, secondary, Cu content	340,348	390,700	383,000	371,000	364,000
Copper, smelter, primary, blister and anode, Cu content	1,259,400	1,179,800	1,221,400	1,201,700	1,258,000
Copper, smelter, secondary, blister and anode, Cu content	332,100	375,000	365,000	335,000	343,000
Ferroalloys, ferrochromium	9,900^e	11,000^e	12,000^e	12,000^e	12,000^e
Ferroalloys, ferromanganese, electric furnace	400,331	440,173	405,899	408,582	412,000
Ferroalloys, ferromolybdenum	2,844	2,800^e	2,800^e	5,100^e	5,000^e
Ferroalloys, ferronickel	234,505	243,275	193,467	93,848	59,757
Ferroalloys, ferronickel, Ni content	45,200	46,000^e	37,000^e	18,000^e	11,000
Ferroalloys, ferrovanadium	3,500^e	4,400^e	4,500^e	3,846	1,923
Ferroalloys, other, unspecified	17,000^e	22,000^e	24,000^e	18,000^e	20,000^e
Ferroalloys, silicomanganese, electric furnace	16,000	14,000	17,000	14,000	13,800
Gallium (kilograms)	3,000	3,000	3,000^e	3,000^e	3,000^e
Gold, mine, Au content (kilograms)	7,590	6,225	4,886	4,139	4,000^e
Gold, refinery (kilograms)	109,022	100,478	113,221	95,089	102,455
Indium, refinery, primary, In content (kilograms)	66,000^e	66,000^e	66,000^e	65,000^e	65,000^e
Iodine	8,876	9,221	9,857	9,273	8,800
Lead, refinery, primary	80,304	80,600	81,000	75,000	71,600
Lead, refinery, secondary	117,296	166,000	214,000	203,000	218,600
Lime, quicklime	5,821,185	6,653,202	6,234,706	6,011,822	5,869,447
Lime, slaked lime	1,252,508	1,291,227	1,295,299	1,200,964	1,174,597
Molybdenum, refinery, metal, Mo content	757	750^e	750^e	750^e	750^e
Nickel, intermediate, chemicals, Ni content	14,000^e	16,000^e	16,000^e	16,000^e	16,000^e
Nickel, intermediate, oxide sinter, Ni content	54,700^e	51,900^e	52,000^e	50,000^e	50,000^e
Nickel, refinery, metal, Ni content	55,368	55,000	49,651	58,003	61,804
Nitrogen, ammonia, N content	643,000	691,000	671,000	606,000	594,000
Palladium, refinery, primary, Pd content (kilograms)	4,500	4,500	4,500^e	4,500^e	4,500^e
Palladium, refinery, secondary, Pd content (kilograms)	23,800	23,000	26,000^e	20,000^e	22,000^e
Pig iron	61,600,469	70,344,478	64,146,549	63,041,584	61,025,606
Platinum, refinery, primary, Pt content (kilograms)	1,200	1,200	1,200^e	1,200^e	1,200^e
Platinum, refinery, secondary, Pt content (kilograms)	11,100	12,000	12,000^e	12,000^e	14,000^e
Raw steel	83,186,000	96,334,000	89,226,801	87,000,793	84,009,150
Rhodium, refinery, secondary, Rh content (kilograms)	1,100	1,000	1,100^e	1,100^e	1,100^e
Salt	874,000	855,000	897,000	792,000	813,000
Sand and gravel, industrial, sand, silica	1,923,843	2,044,706	2,014,000	1,990,000	1,792,000
Selenium, Se content (kilograms)	733,000	685,000	710,000^e	680,000^e	730,000^e
Silver, mine, Ag content (kilograms)	4,192	3,300^e	2,900^e	2,600^e	2,300^e
Silver, refinery, Ag content (kilograms)	1,755,000	1,751,000^e	1,746,000	1,590,000	1,455,000
Steel products, semimanufactured, hot-rolled, ordinary steels	59,258,233	65,872,669	61,773,500	61,168,770	58,825,367
Steel products, semimanufactured, hot-rolled, specialty steels	14,506,394	18,551,321	16,886,190	15,871,549	15,562,698
Stone, crushed, dolomite	3,216,505	2,925,643	2,919,380	2,874,211	2,631,403
Stone, crushed, limestone	131,533,130	131,829,866	129,085,745	120,138,858	117,235,395
Stone, crushed, quartzite	8,709,461	8,375,465	7,977,190	7,624,672	7,277,865
Sulfur, byproduct, metallurgy, S content	1,728,654	1,575,032	1,655,704	1,535,117	1,500,000^e
Sulfur, byproduct, petroleum, S content	1,411,860	1,420,094	1,542,244	1,367,438	1,251,292
Tellurium, refinery, Te content (kilograms)	72,000^e	65,000^e	68,000^e	65,000^e	70,000^e
Tin, smelter, primary	1,558	1,900^e	1,500^e	1,800^e	1,700^e
Titanium, dioxide	155,921	187,224	177,345	165,214	165,937
Titanium, sponge	49,159	36,563	47,139	56,777	57,000^e
Tungsten, smelter, metal, W content	2,584	3,900^e	3,900^e	3,900^e	3,900^e
Zinc, smelter, primary	420,000	409,800	409,000^e	380,000^e	380,000^e
Zinc, smelter, secondary	79,000	107,400	107,000^e	100,000^e	95,000^e
Zinc, smelter, zinc oxide powder, Oxide content	48,100	58,062	54,131	48,531	50,848

^e Estimated.

¹ Refined bismuth was produced as a byproduct of zinc production.

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