Kazakhstan

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, Kazakhstan produced a diverse range of mineral commodities and was the 1st-ranked in world production of uranium; 3d in asbestos and chromite ; 4th in barite (not including United States production) and titanium sponge (not including United States production); 5th in bismuth metal, magnesium metal (tied with Turkey), and ferrosilicon (not including United States production); 6th in cadmium metal; 7th in molybdenum, rhenium, and sulfur; 8th in mined gold and zinc; 10th in silver; 15th in selenium (not including United States production); and 16th in phosphate rock (tied with India). The country’s share of world production of uranium in 2024 amounted to 39%; asbestos, 24%; chromite, 12%; barite, 8%; sulfur, 5.6%; titanium sponge, 5.0%; cadmium metal, 4.8%; mined gold, 4.0%; silver, 3.4%; zinc, 3.2%; mined copper, 3.1%; ferrosilicon, 2.6% (not including United States production); rhenium, 1.9%; refined copper, 1.8%; molybdenum, 1.6%; magnesium metal and mined iron ore, 1.4% each; bauxite (not including United States production) and bismuth metal, 1.1% each; alumina, 1.0%; iron ore (Fe content) and phosphate rock, 0.7% each; silicon metal, 0.1% (not including United States production); and selenium metal, 0.05% (not including United States production). Other mineral commodities produced included antimony, beryllium metal, cement, clays, fluorspar, gypsum, lead, lime, manganese, nickel in concentrates, niobium metal, nitrogen (ammonia), salt, sand and gravel, and stone (World Nuclear Association, 2025; Callaghan, 2026; Ewing, 2026; Flanagan, 2026a–c; Hartingh, 2026; Jasinski, 2026; Kim, 2026; Klochko, 2026a, b; Londono, 2026; Merrill, 2026; Polyak, 2026a, b; Saloum, 2026; Schnebele, 2026; Schulte, 2026; Sheaffer, 2026; Tolcin, 2026; Tuck, 2026). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, Kazakhstan’s mineral industry accounted for a 12.8% share of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The country’s real GDP increased by 5.0% in 2024 compared with an increase of 5.1% in 2023; and the nominal GDP was about \$291 billion. The share of industrial production in the GDP was 27.8% compared with 28.9% in 2023. Total nominal industrial production was valued at \$109.6 billion and increased by 3.2% from that in 2023. Mineral industry played a significant role in industrial production—\$48.8 billion, or 44.5% of the value of nominal industrial production (Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2025, p. 13, 21–24, 106, 107; Asian Development Bank, 2025, p. 73). 

Government Policies and Programs  

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Kazakhstan is provided by the Subsoil and Use of Subsoil Code (Mining Code, or Code) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which went into effect at the end of June 2018. In 2023, a number of amendments were made to the Subsoil and Use of Subsoil Code. Under the amendments, the following changes were expected: (1) to increase the domestic share for exploration and mining operations from 50% to 70% (including uranium), (2) to extend the exploration period from 6 years to 9 years, (3) to tighten control over uranium production, and (4) to create a unified digitized platform to maintain the country’s geologic information, which would be managed by the National Geological Survey. The Ministry of Industry and Construction regulates the chemical industry, government geologic study of the subsoil, energy saving and efficiency improvements, industrial development, maintenance of the mineral resource database, production of precious metals and stones, the mining and metallurgical complexes, and is responsible for creating economic zones. The National Geological Service is responsible for providing open access to geologic information, operating the National Data Bank mineral resources, and analyzing geologic information. The Committee of Geology, which is under the Ministry of Industry and Construction, is responsible for the regulation and implementation of activities related to geologic studies, production of mineral resources, and integration of subsoil use. The Committee of Atomic and Energy Supervision, which is under the Ministry of Energy, is responsible for the regulation of the nuclear industry (Forbes.kz, 2018; Inform.kz, 2022; Dentons, 2024; Kazatomprom National Atomic Co., 2025; Sazdykbaev, 2025; Committee of Geology of the Ministry of Industry and Construction, 2026; Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2026; Ministry of Industry and Construction of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2026; JSC National Geological Service, 2026).  

More-extensive coverage of Government policies and programs can be found in previous editions of this chapter in the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports — International — [Europe and Central Eurasia region], which are available at [https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/europ…;

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

As of 2024, Polymetal International plc, as a result of U.S. sanctions, has changed its name to Solidcore Resources plc (Solidcore Resources). In addition, the company sold its 100%-owned Russian assets to JSC Mangazeya Plus and continued developing assets in Kazakhstan. In 2024, 90% of Aktyubinskaya Mednaya Kompaniya LLP (AMK), which was a subsidiary of Russian Copper Co. (RMK) of Russia, was acquired by KM Kazakh Mining Co. Ltd., and the remaining 10% was held by Integro Global Investment B.V. of Holland. Eurasian Resources Group (ERG), and NAC Kazatomprom JSC (Kazatomprom) were the leading companies partially owned by the Government. Other companies involved in the production of minerals were Kazakhmys Corp. LLP (Kazakhmys), KAZ Minerals International DMCC (KAZ Minerals), and Kazzinc Ltd. (Kazzinc). As of January 1, 2024, Kazakhstan had 5,331 companies working in the mining and quarrying sector, of which 5,132 were small; 94, medium; and 105, large. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2025, p. 181; Kazakhmys Corp. LLC, 2024; Serikov, 2024; Eurasian Resources Group, 2026; KAZ Minerals International DMCC, 2026; Kazzinc Ltd., 2026; NAC Kazatomprom JSC, undated a; Polymetal International plc, 2023, p. 18; Solidcore Resources plc, 2024; 2025, p. 10).  

Production  

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

Mineral Trade  

In 2024, the value of Kazakhstan’s total exports amounted to \$81.7 billion, which was a 3.2% increase compared with the value of exports in 2023. Overall, in 2024, 12% of Kazakhstan’s export revenue was from exports of mineral products. Revenue from exports of refined copper and copper alloys increased to \$4.1 billion from \$3.2 billion in 2023; ferroalloys, to \$2.4 billion from \$2.3 billion; flat-rolled steel products, including white tin, to \$1.4 billion from \$1.3 billion; iron ores and concentrates, including iron ore pellets, to \$778 million from \$761 million; unwrought zinc, to \$651 million from \$604 million; and unwrought lead, to \$202 million from \$148 million. Kazakhstan’s leading export partner was Italy (which received 22.9%, by value, of the country’s total exports), followed by China (18.2%), Russia (11.7%), the Netherlands (6.5%), France (4.5%), Turkey (4.1%), and Uzbekistan (3.5%) (Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2025, p. 48, 50‒52, 265).  

In 2024, Kazakhstan’s imports were \$60.4 billion, which was about the same as the value of imports in 2023. Kazakhstan’s leading import partner was Russia (which supplied 30.8% of Kazakhstan’s total imports, by value), followed by China (25.3%), Germany (4.7%), the United States (3.7%), and France and the Republic of Korea (3.1% each) (Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2024, p. 48, 53‒55). 

Commodity Review 

Chromium and Ferroalloys.—In 2024, Kazakhstan produced 4.2 million metric tons (Mt) of chromite concentrate, which was a 10.7% increase compared with that in 2023, and 2.3 Mt of total ferroalloys, which was 14.1% increase compared with that in 2023. In 2024, the increase of chromite production was owing to the opening of the new Bolashak Mine, which has a production capacity of 7.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of chromite ore. The Bolashak Mine was constructed for the development of two deposits—the Millionnoe and the Alamaz-Zhemchuzhina. In 2024, the Bolashak Mine produced 64,000 metric tons (t) of chromite ore. Additionally, the increase in production was due to the modernization of equipment at the 10-years of Kazakhstan Independence Mine, and the production increase at the Yuzhny Quarry (Facilities table; Production table; Eurasian Resources Group, 2023a, p. 16; Kazakhstan Mining Company LLP, 2024d, p. 18; TNC Kazchrome JSC, 2023, p. 6, 15, 16; 2024, p. 12‒14, 27).  

As of 2024, EkibastuzFerroAlloys LLP continued to work on the construction of a fully automated plant located in the city of Ekibastuz, Pavlodar Province, in close proximity to the hydroelectric powerplant Ekibastuz GRES-1. The new plant would have an annual production capacity of 240,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of high-grade ferrosilicon. The plant was expected to start operations in the fourth quarter of 2025 with an initial production capacity of 80,000 t/yr. By 2026, the production capacity of the plant was expected to increase to 160,000 t/yr. The plant was expected to create 1,500 jobs during construction and 800 permanent jobs when commissioned (Advis.ru, 2021; Rossaprimavera.ru, 2022; Serikpayev, 2024; EkibastuzFerroAlloys LLP, undated).   

Cobalt and Nickel.—In 2024, JSC Fincraft Resources (Fincraft Resources), through Kaznickel LLP, continued exploration and development of the Gornostayevskoye cobalt-nickel deposit, which is located in the Abay Province close to the Kazakhstan-China border. The company planned full-scale production by 2027. The plant was expected to process 1.6 Mt/yr of ore and produce 20,000 t/yr of nickel and about 1 t/yr of cobalt contained in concentrate (JSC Fincraft Resources, 2020, p. 5–6, 22, 49; Ibraeva, 2023, p. 6; Department of Natural Resources and Regulation of Nature Management of the Abay Province, 2024, p. 1‒2; PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2025b).   

Copper.—In 2024, Kazakhstan produced 724,100 t (estimated) of total copper concentrates which was a 3.6% decrease compared with that in 2023. The country also produced 498,038 t of refined copper and 321,175 t of smelted copper, which was an 8.6% and 3.0% increase compared with 2023, respectively (Production table).  

As of November 2024, after successful negotiations between employees and the company, work at Zhaisan Mine resumed. In January 2023, Zhanashyr Project LLP, a subsidiary of Kazakhmys, started mining copper ore at the Zhaisan Mine, located in Zhabyl Province. In November 2023, owing to the death of two workers, all work was suspended at the mine, and the suspension was expected to last until all violations were identified and resolved. The production capacity was estimated at 300,000 t/yr of copper ore and was expected to increase to 600,000 t/yr in 2024. The mine was expected to continue operating until 2041. The mined ore was expected to be processed at the Balkhash concentrator (Facilities table; JSC Kazakhmys Copper, 2022, p. 20–22, 30, 54; 2023, p. 52‒53; Kazakhmys Corp. LLP, 2023; MINEX Forum, 2023b; Zharbulova, 2023; Internet publication Ak Zhaiyk, 2024). 

In 2024, Kazakhmys produced the first copper concentrate (Cu content of 19.28%) at the Shartykul concentrator plant. The plant was expected to process 1.2 Mt/yr of copper-sulfide ore from the Shartykul and Zhaisan Mines. The plant created 347 jobs (Facilities table; Bekbosyn, Toktar, 2024; Ministry of Industry and Construction of Republic of Kazakhstan, 2024; JSC Kazakhmys Copper, 2025, p. 50; PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2025a). 

Irkaz Metal Corp. LLP, a subsidiary of Kavand Nahan Zamin Co. (KNZ) of Iran, was expected to start a third phase of a mining complex with an additional production capacity of 5,000 t/yr of copper cathodes. The construction was expected to begin in 2024 and be completed in 2025; the plant was expected to employ 140 workers. In 2022, Irkaz Metal Corp. LLP started production at the mining complex at the Borly copper deposit in Qaraghandy Province, with a production capacity of 5,000 t/yr of copper cathodes using the heap leaching process. The Borly deposit had been explored in 1931 and again in 1950–51, 1964–67, and 1974–82; however, the development only began recently (NC Kazakh Invest JSC, 2022; PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2022; Mamyshev, 2024a).  

Gold and Silver.—In 2024, Kazakhstan produced 130,338 kilograms (kg) of mined gold, which was a 0.7% decrease compared with that in 2023, and 72,056 kg of refined gold, a 1.5% increase compared with that in 2023. JSC Altyn Samruk Qazakhstan owned 100% of Eastern Gold LLP. Eastern Gold LLP continued its work on conducting exploration, mining, and processing at the Rodnikovoe and Belaya Gorka deposits in Abay Province. The construction of the gold dore Kokpety plant was completed and implemented in 2024. The exploration license was issued for 6 years. The plant was expected to process 200,000 t/yr of gold ore and produce 200 kilograms per year (kg/yr) of dore (Facilities table; Production table; Nurzhanuly, 2023, p. 4–5; SkyBridge Invest, 2023, p. 4–6; Kapital.kz, 2024; Kazakhstan Mining Company LLP, 2024d, p. 56; Nedra.kz, 2024).  

As of 2024, Polymetal International plc, has changed its name to Solidcore Resources plc (Solidcore Resources). In addition, as a result of U.S. sanctions, Solidcore Resources sold its 100%-owned Russian assets to JSC Mangazeya Plus and continued developing assets in Kazakhstan. Solidcore, despite challenges owing to U.S. sanctions, continued to produce gold at two of its projects in Kazakhstan—the Varvara hub in Kostanay Province, which included the Komar Mine and the Varvara Mine, and the Kyzyl project in East Kazakhstan Province, that included the Bakyrchik Mine. In 2024, the Varvara hub produced a total of 170,000 troy ounces (5,300 kg) of gold equivalent, which was a 0.6% increase compared with production in 2023. At the same time, production at the Kyzyl project increased by 1.3% to 320,000 troy ounces (10,000 kg) of gold equivalent. As of January 2024, the total of ore reserves of the Varvara hub and Kyzyl projects (proved and probable) were estimated at 11.6 Mt of ore grading 3.2 g/t (gold equivalent) (Facilities table; Kolyako, 2023; Polymetal International plc, 2023, p. 18, 21, 23, 170; Kazakhstan Mining Company LLP, 2024b, p. 44, 45; Solidcore Resources plc, 2024; 2025, p. 10, 29–33). 

Manganese.—In 2024, Kazakhstan produced 300,900 t of total manganese concentrate (gross weight) with an estimated 107,000 t of Mn content, which was a 30% (each) decrease compared with that in 2023, owing to the closure of the Tur Mine and the termination of operations at the Bogach Mine. The production at the Tur Mine, operated by TNC Kazchrome JSC (Kazchrome), was stopped at the end of 2023 due to the depletion of ore. However, Kazchrome was expected to process waste and tailings at the Tur Mine using modern beneficiation technology. The Temirtau Electrometallurgical Complex JSC (TEMC JSC) terminated contract for the Bogach Mine owing to unprofitability in production. The company was expected to conduct work on liquidation and reclamation starting in March 2025 and continuing through July 2027. The Zhomart Mine, located in Ulytau Province, was operated by JSC Marganets Zhairema. In 2024, the company resumed mining operations at the Zhomart Mine until 2033. The ore would be processed at the Zhairemskiy concentrator at Zhairemskiy GOK (Production table; Facilities table; Eurasian Resources Group, 2023b; MINEX Forum, 2023a; PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2023; Mamyshev, 2024b; Oserkhan, 2025).  

Tungsten.—At the end of 2024, Zhetysu Wolfram LLP, which was owned by companies from China, put into operation the tungsten Boguty Mine and processing plant (GOK)¹ in the Enbekshikazakh district, Almaty Province. The plant’s designed processing capacity was estimated at 3.3 Mt/yr of tungsten ore supplied from the Boguty Mine and was expected to produce 10,000 t of tungsten concentrate (gross weight) with 2,400 t of W content in 2025. The plant created 1,000 jobs (Facilities table; Akimat of Almaty Province, 2024; Kazakhstan Mining Company LLP, 2024a, p. 24; 2024c, p. 26; 2024e; NC Kazakh Invest JSC, 2024; Serikov, 2025). 

Uranium.—Kazakhstan remained the world leader in uranium production in 2024. Uranium production increased by 10% to 23,270 t compared with that in 2023. Kazatomprom was the leading producer of uranium in the world and operated 14 mining assets in 27 sites. Out of the 14 mining assets, 2 were 100% owned by Kazatomprom and 12 were partially owned. As of December 31, 2024, the total mineral reserves of all mining assets were estimated at 564,300 t of uranium (100% basis) and total mineral resources were estimated at 821,300 t of uranium (100% basis) (Facilities table; Production table; NAC Kazatomprom JSC, 2024, p. 11–15, 17, 18, 29, 30, 38, 39, 44; undated b). 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited 

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• Londono, Vanessa, 2026, Magnesium metal: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 122–123.  

• Mamyshev, Zhanbolat, 2024a, Iranian company to boost cathode copper production in Kazakhstan: Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kursiv.media, April 8. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2024-04-08/iranian-company-to-boost-cathode-….)  

• Mamyshev, Zhanbolat, 2024b, Termirtauskiy metkombinat svernul iz-za nerentabel’nosti dobychu margantsa na mestorozhdenii Bogach [Termirtau metallurgical plant curtailed manganese mining at the Bogach deposit due to unprofitability]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kursiv.media, December 19. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://kz.kursiv.media/2024-12-19/zhnb-metkommargan/#:~:text=%D0%A2%D0….) [In Russian.] 

• Merrill, A.M., 2026, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity  Summaries 2026, p. 50–51.  

• MINEX Forum, 2023a, Manganese Zhairema will resume production at the Zhomart Mine: London, United Kingdom, MINEX Forum, December 18. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://minexforum.com/2023/12/18/manganese-zhairema-will-resume-produc….)  

• MINEX Forum, 2023b, Promyshlennaya razrabotka mestorozhdeniya medi na mestorozhdenii Zhaysan [Industrial development of copper deposits at the Zhaisan deposit]: London, United Kingdom, MINEX Forum, January 9. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://2023.minexkazakhstan.com/ru/2023/01/09/promyshlennaya-razrabotk….) [In Russian.]  

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• Ministry of Industry and Construction of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2026, Obshaya informatsiya—O ministerstve [General information—About the Ministry]: Astana, Kazakhstan, Ministry of Industry and Construction of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (Accessed March 12, 2026, at https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mps/about?lang=ru.) [In Russian.] 

• NAC Kazatomprom JSC, 2024, Integrirovanny godovoy otchet AO NAK Kazatomprom za 2024 god [Integrated annual report NAC Kazatomprom JSC for 2024]: NAC Kazatomprom JSC, 265 p. (Accessed January 22, 2026, at https://www.kazatomprom.kz/storage/04/rus_kap_ar2024_07_14.pdf.) [In Russian.] 

• NAC Kazatomprom JSC, 2025, Kazatomprom announces amendments to the Subsoil Use Code: Astana, Kazakhstan, Kazatomprom National Atomic Co., December 29. (Accessed January 22, 2026, at https://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/media/view/announces_amendments_to_the_su….)  

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• NC Kazakh Invest JSC, 2022, A plant for the production of cathode copper was opened in the Karaganda Region: Astana, Kazakhstan, NC Kazakh Invest JSC, August 11. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://invest.gov.kz/media-center/press-releases/v-karagandinskoy-obla….)  

• NC Kazakh Invest JSC, 2024, Chinese company to develop tungsten ores: Astana, Kazakhstan, NC Kazakh Invest JSC, September 10. (Accessed February 4, 2026, at https://invest.gov.kz/media-center/press-releases/chinese-company-to-de….)  

• Nedra.kz, 2024, Nachala deyatel’nost’ zolotoizvlekatel’naya fabrika stoimost’yu 1 mlrd. tenge [A gold recovery plant worth 1 billion tenge began operation]: Nedra.kz, November 20. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://nedra.kz/news/nachala-deyatel-nost-zolotoizvlekatel-naya-fabrik….) [In Russian.]  

• Nurzhanuly, Zhanibek, 2023, JSC Altyn Samruk Qazaqstan: London, United Kingdom, MINEX Eurasia, November 27, p. 7.   

• Oserkhan, Anelya, 2025, Rudnik Zhomart vozobnovil rabotu spustya pyat’ mesyatsev posle tragedii [The Zhomart Mine resumed work 5 months after the tragedy]: BAQ.kz, December 3. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://rus.baq.kz/rudnik-zhomart-vozobnovil-rabotu-spustya-pyat-mesyat….) [In Russian.] 

• Polyak, D.E., 2026a, Molybdenum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries  2026, p. 130–131.   

• Polyak, D.E., 2026b, Rhenium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 156–157.   

• Polymetal International plc, 2023, International annual report 2023: Astana, Kazakhstan, Polymetal International plc, 205 p. (Accessed February 2, 2026, via https://cdn.solidcore-resources.com/upload/ib/565340/Polymetal_integrat….)  

• PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2022, Chto izvestno o novom iranskom zavode na mednorudnom mestorozhdenii Borly [What is known about the new Iranian plant at the Borly copper deposit]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, February 12. (Accessed March 11, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/pererabotka/myestorozhdyeneeye-borli-myetallurgeechyes….) [In Russian.]  

• PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2023, Marganets Zhairema voznobnovit’ dobychu na rudnike Zhomart [Marganets Zhairema will resume mining at Zhomart Mine]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, December 17. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/novosti/v-rk-vozobnovyat-dobichu-na-rudneekye-zhomart/.) [In Russian.]  

• PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2024, Dobycha margantsa v Kazakhstane: prichiny padeniya i perspektivy [Manganese mining in Kazakhstan—Reasons for the decline and prospects]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, January 28. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/dobycha/dobicha-margantsa-v-kazahstanye/.) [In Russian.] 

• PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2025a, Kak postroit’ zavod s nulya: Shatyrkul’skaya obogatitel’naya fabrika [How to build a plant from scratch—Shatyrkul concentrator]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, June 17. (Accessed January 29, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/pererabotka/kak-postroit-zavod-s-nulya-shatyrkulskaya-….) [In Russian.] 

• PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, 2025b, Kaznikel’ nachnyet dobychu na Gornostaevskom v 2027 godu [Kaznickel will start production at Gornostaevskoe in 2027]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, PromoGroup Media KZ LLP, January 17. (Accessed January 29, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/novosti/kaznekel-nachnyot-dobichu-na-gornostayevskom/.) [In Russian.] 

• Rossaprimavera.ru, 2022, Vlasti Kazakhstana zapustyat na vostoke strany novyi zavod ferrosplavov [The Government of Kazakhstan will commission a new ferroalloys plant in the eastern part of the country]: Moscow, Russia, Rossaprimavera.ru, August 30. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://rossaprimavera.ru/news/e14f27a4.) [In Russian.]  

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• Schnebele, E.K., 2026, Silicon: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p.  170–171.   

• Schulte, R.F., 2026, Chromium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026,  p. 66–67.  

• Serikov, Daniyar, 2024, Aktyubinskaya mednaya kompaniya smenila derzhatelei aktsii [Aktyubinskaya Copper Co. changed shareholders]: Astana, Kazakhstan, Inbusiness.kz, August 16. (Accessed March 11, 2026, at https://inbusiness.kz/index.php/ru/news/aktyubinskaya-mednaya-kompaniya….) 

• Serikov, Daniyar, 2025, Uzbekistan khochet zakupat’ metall, za kotoryy v Kazakhstane boryutsya Kitay i SSHA [Uzbekistan wants to buy metal, for which China and the United States are competing in Kazakhstan]: Astana, Kazakhstan, Inbusiness.kz, November 10. (Accessed February 4, 2026, at https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/uzbekistan-hochet-zakupat-metall-za-kotor….) 

• Serikpayev, Damir, 2024, Ferrosplavny zavod v Ekibastuze zapustyat v 2025 godu [Ferroalloy plant in Ekibastuz to be launched in 2025]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, Forbes, January 3. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at Ahttps://forbes.kz/articles/ferrosplavnyiy_zavod_v_ekibastuze_zapustyat_…;

• Sheaffer, K.N., 2026, Gold: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 90–91.   
• SkyBridge Invest, 2023, Investitsionnyy memorandum [Investment memorandum]: 

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• Solidcore Resources plc, 2024, Rebranding and new development strategy: Astana, Kazakhstan, Solidcore Resources plc, June 12. (Accessed February 2, 2026, at https://www.solidcore-resources.com/en/investors-and-media/news/press-r….) 

• Solidcore Resources plc, 2025, Integrirovannyy godovoy otchyet 2024—Stroim osnovu ustoychivogo rosta [Integrated annual report 2024—Building foundation for solid growth]: Astana, Kazakhstan, Solidcore Resources plc, March 31, 213 p. (Accessed February 2, 2026, at https://www.solidcore-resources.com/upload/ib/696601/Solidcore_AR24_rus….) 

• Souleymane, H.S., Saloum, S.H., 2026, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026,  p. 182–183.   

• TNC Kazchrome JSC, 2023, Godovoy otchet 2023 god— Sozdayem tsennosti dlya ustoychivogo razvitiya [Annual report 2023— Creating values for sustainable development]: Aktobe, Kazakhstan, TNC Kazchrome JSC, 156 p. (Accessed January 29, 2026, at https://www.kazchrome.com/files/pdf/Kazchrome_Annual_Report_2023_RUS.pdf.) [In Russian.]  

• TNC Kazchrome JSC, 2024, Godovoy otchet 2024 god—Sozdayem. Podderzhivaem. Zabotimsya. [Annual report 2024— We create. We support. We care.]: Aktobe, Kazakhstan, TNC Kazchrome JSC, 144 p. (Accessed January 29, 2026, at https://www.kazchrome.com/files/pdf/report-2024-RUS_min.pdf.) [In Russian.]  

• Tolcin, A.C., 2026, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 212–213.  

• Tuck, C.C., 2026, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109.   

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• World Nuclear Association, September 23. (Accessed January 16, 2026, at https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining….) 

• Zharbulova, Nazgul’, 2023, Kazakhmys ostanovil rabotu na vsekh podzemnykh rudnikakh iz-za gibeli rabochikh [Kazakhmys halts operations at all underground mimes owing to workers death]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, Kursiv, November 27. (Accessed February 3, 2026, at https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-11-27/zhrb-kzhm-stop/?utm_campaign=endless….) [In Russian.]