Russia

The Russian Federation (Russia) was one of the world’s leading producers of mineral commodities and produced a diverse range of metals, industrial minerals, and mineral fuels. In 2024, Russia was the world’s leading producer of antimony (34% of world output, tied with China), asbestos (32%), natural gem-quality diamond (30%), natural industrial diamond (42%), and palladium (41%); the 2d-ranked producer of ferrosilicon (9.1%, not including United States production), gallium (0.7%), gold (9.5%), magnesium metal (5.5%), nitrogen (9.6%, tied with India), platinum (12%), potash (21%), and vanadium (18%); the 3d-ranked producer of aluminum (5.3%), cobalt (2.6%), helium (9.3%), magnesium compounds (8.0%, not including United States production), nickel (5.5%), peat (11%), selenium (8.4%, not including United States production), sulfur (8.8%), tellurium (6.5%, not including United States production), and titanium sponge (8.7%, not including United States production); the 4th-ranked producer of kaolin (10.2%), lime (2.8%), niobium (0.3%), phosphate rock (6.0%), and pig iron (4.0%); the 5th-ranked producer of alumina (2.0%), arsenic (0.8%), raw steel (3.8%), iron ore (3.3%), lead (5.7%), silicon metal (1.1%, not including United States production), tungsten (1.8%), vermiculite (7.9%), and zeolites (10%); the 6th-ranked producer of mined copper (4.4%), refined copper (3.2%), graphite (1.3%), rare earths (0.7%), and silver (5.1%); the 7th-ranked producer of cadmium (4.4%), indium (0.5%), and iodine (0.02%, not including United States production); the 8th-ranked producer of cement (1.7%); the 9th-ranked producer of barite (2.5%, not including United States production), bauxite (1.3%, not including United States production), feldspar (2.1%, tied with Saudi Arabia), salt (2.5%), tantalum (1.2%), and zinc (2.6%); and the 10th-ranked producer of diatomite (2.0%, tied with Germany and Spain), and industrial sand and gravel (1.7%). Russia also was a significant global producer of bentonite, boron, germanium, gypsum, molybdenum, and tin.  

In 2024, the gross value added in mining and quarrying accounted for 10.7% of the gross domestic product and totaled \$232 billion, which indicated a 5.4% increase compared with the nominal value in 2023. The legislative framework for exploration, mining, and other extractive activities related to the production of solid minerals, hydrocarbons, and groundwater in Russia is described by the “Subsoil Law” that was adopted on February 21, 1992. Major amendments to this law were made in 1995, 1999, 2014, 2016, 2022, 2023, and 2024 in conjunction with related modifications of other relevant laws, such as the Tax Law. The Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (Minprirody) was responsible for the development of laws and regulations related to geologic exploration and the rational use and protection of subsoil resources. The Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedra) was responsible for the management of the Government’s subsoil resources. Specifically, Rosnedra was responsible for implementation and execution of subsoil-related laws and regulations in specific jurisdictions. The majority of mineral industry companies were domestic and privately owned. 

In July 2024, the Government approved a new Strategy for the development of minerals and raw materials in the country through 2050. The strategy considered two future scenarios related to the future situation with raw materials in Russia. The basic scenario assumed that the reserves and production of minerals would remain at the same level as in 2024, and the target scenario assumes preemptive growth aimed at meeting the increasing demand for raw materials. The plan included work on exploration targeting the discovery of large mineral deposits in Russia, including in the Arctic Region and in the Far East. The strategy emphasized the need to meet the current and future needs of the economy in strategic types of solid minerals. The reliance on imported raw materials, such as chromium, manganese, and titanium, was to be reduced significantly. The major goals of the strategy were increased degrees of domestic processing and consumption of mineral resources, as well as building infrastructure for the development and implementation of new technologies.

OOO Udokanskaya Med’, which was a subsidiary of USM Holding Co., began mining the Udokanskoye Mine, which was the largest copper mine in Russia with JORC-compliant resources of 26.1 million metric tons (Mt) of copper, in Zabaykalskiy Kray and in 2024 produced 160,000 metric tons (t) of copper concentrate. In 2024, production of scandium oxide was conducted using two technologies—during processing of uranium ore by AO Dalur and from waste material, known as red mud or bauxite residue, obtained during bauxite processing by MKPAO OK RUSALUC RUSAL. In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 86,400 t of titanium oxide in concentrate, which was an increase of 59% compared with the production in 2023. Titanium was mined in Russia by three companies—OOO Lovozerskiy GOK, AO Tuganskiy GOK, and AO Baikalo-Amurskaya Gornorudnaya Co. (BAGK) —which produced loparite, ilmenite, and rutile-leucoxene concentrates that contained titanium dioxide. Russia continued to face many existing and new sanctions and restrictions on its international trade. In June 2024, the European Union approved the 14th packet of sanctions against Russia. The packet introduced certain restrictions on Russia’s compressed natural gas, banned exports of several types of plastics to Russia, and banned imports of helium from Russia. 

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

The Russian Federation was one of the world’s leading producers of mineral commodities and produced a diverse range of metals, industrial minerals, and mineral fuels. In 2024, Russia was the world’s leading producer of antimony (34%, tied with China), asbestos (32% of world output), natural gem-quality diamond (30%), natural industrial diamond (42%), and palladium (41%); the 2d-ranked producer of ferrosilicon (9.1%, not including United States production), gallium (0.7%), gold (9.5%), magnesium metal (5.5%), nitrogen (9.6%, tied with India), platinum (12%), potash (21%), and vanadium (18%); the 3d-ranked producer of aluminum (5.3%), cobalt (2.6%), helium (9.3%), magnesium compounds (8.0%, not including United States production), nickel (5.5%), peat (11%), selenium (8.4%, not including United States production), sulfur (8.8%), tellurium (6.5%, not including United States production), and titanium sponge (8.7%, not including United States production); the 4th-ranked producer of kaolin (10.2%), lime (2.8%), niobium (0.3%), phosphate rock (6.0%), pig iron (4.0%), and silicon metal (1.1%, not including United States production); the 5th-ranked producer of alumina (2.0%), arsenic (0.8%), raw steel (3.8%), iron ore (3.3%), lead (5.7%), tungsten (1.8%), vermiculite (7.9%), and zeolites (10%); the 6th-ranked producer of mined copper (4.4%), refined copper (3.2%), graphite (1.3%), rare earths (0.7%), and silver (5.1%); the 7th-ranked producer of cadmium (4.4%), indium (0.5%), and iodine (0.02%, not including United States production); the 8th-ranked producer of cement (1.7%); the 9th-ranked producer of barite (2.5%, not including United States production), bauxite (1.3%, not including United States production), feldspar (2.1%, tied with Saudi Arabia), salt (2.5%), tantalum (1.2%), and zinc (2.5%); and the 10th-ranked producer of diatomite (2.0%, tied with Germany and Spain), and industrial sand and gravel (1.7%). Russia also was a significant global producer of bentonite, boron, germanium, gypsum, molybdenum, and tin (Brioche, 2026a–c; Callaghan, 2026; Crangle, 2026a–c; Ewing, 2026a, b; Flanagan, 2026a–d; Friedline, 2026a–c; Goodin, 2026a, b; Hartingh, 2026; Hatfield, 2026; Jasinski, 2026a, b; Johnston, 2026; Kim, 2026; Klochko, 2026a, b; Londono, 2026a, b; MacGregor, 2026a, b; Merrill, 2026a–c; Olson, 2026a, b; Polyak, 2026a, b; Saloum, 2026a, b; Schnebele, 2026a–d; Schulte, 2026; Sheaffer, 2026; Simmons, 2026a–c; Stewart, 2026a, b; Tolcin, 2026a, b; Tuck, 2026a, b). 

In 2024, Russia was also one of the world’s leading producers of mineral fuels. According to the Energy Institute’s “Statistical Review of World Energy,” the country was ranked second in the production of natural gas, accounting for 15.3% of the world’s production; second in the production of crude petroleum (including condensate), accounting for 12.3%; third in the production of refined petroleum, accounting for 6.6%; and sixth in the production of coal, accounting for 4.6%. In 2024, Russia was the sixth-ranked world producer of uranium, accounting for 4.5% of world production. For more information, see previous editions of the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Europe and Central Eurasia at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/europ… (World Nuclear Association, 2026; Energy Institute, 2025, p. 23, 32, 37, 47). 

On February 24, 2022, Russian forces invaded Ukraine. In response, the United States, the European Union, and other countries imposed wide-ranging economic sanctions and other types of sanctions on Russia, including restrictions regarding the Russian financial system, defense entities, and technology companies, as well as personal sanctions on Government and business leaders. Although the effects of the sanctions varied across economic sectors, the sanctions made production and consumption of goods and services, including the production and consumption of mineral commodities, more costly. In response, the Government encouraged domestic companies to begin production of goods and services that used to be imported (Tass.ru, 2023a; European Commission, 2024; U.S. Department of State, 2024). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, the real gross domestic product (GDP) of Russia increased by 4.3% compared with a 4.1% increase (revised) in 2023; the nominal GDP was \$2.17 trillion (201 trillion rubles ¹). In 2024, the gross value added in mining and quarrying accounted for 10.7% of the GDP and totaled \$232 billion, which indicated a 5.4% increase compared with the nominal value in 2023, although in real terms, the output value decreased by 0.9%. Among the total goods and services output, mining and quarrying amounted to \$347 billion, of which production of crude petroleum and natural gas accounted for \$254 billion; mining of metallic ores, \$26.6 billion; and mining and quarrying of coal, \$21.8 billion. The total value of coke and refined petroleum production accounted for 18% of the value of manufacturing and totaled \$170 billion, which was a 2.3% increase compared with the value in 2023 but a decrease in real terms of 1.4%. Production of base metals was valued at \$134 billion, which was a 0.4% decrease compared with the value in 2023 and a decrease in real terms of 1.5%; the output of fabricated metal products was valued at \$75.0 billion, which was a 24% increase compared with the value in 2023 and an increase in real terms of 32%. The output of chemical products was valued at \$69.8 billion, which was a 3.7% increase compared with the value in 2023 and an increase in real terms of 5.1%; and the total value of other nonmetallic mineral products was \$36.6 billion, which was a 7.3% increase compared with the value in 2023 and an increase in real terms of 7.8% (Federal’naya Sluzhba Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki, 2025, p. 260, 266–267, 270, 358–359). 

In 2024, a total of \$4.46 billion was spent on geologic exploration in Russia, of which 84.0% was financed from company funds, 7.1% was financed through loans, 6.4% was from the Government budget, and 2.5% was from domestic and foreign investment. By category of expenditure, 66.8% of the total funds was spent on exploration for petroleum, natural gas, and condensate; 16.7%, for precious metals; 2.7%, for nonferrous and minor metals; 1.0%, for coal; 0.7% each, for diamond and for nonmetallic minerals; 0.5%, for ferrous metals; and the rest, on exploration for other minerals (Federal’naya Sluzhba Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki, 2025, p. 79). 

Government Policies and Programs 

The legislative framework for exploration, mining, and other extractive activities related to the production of solid minerals, hydrocarbons, and groundwater in Russia is described by the “Subsoil Law” that was adopted on February 21, 1992. Major amendments to this law were made in 1995, 1999, 2014, 2016, 2022, 2023, and 2024 in conjunction with related modifications of other relevant laws, such as the Tax Law (Konsultant.ru, 2024; Garant.ru, 2026). 

In July 2024, the Government approved a new Strategy for development of minerals and raw materials in the country through 2050. The strategy considered two future scenarios related to future situation with raw materials in Russia. The basic scenario assumed that the reserves and production of minerals would remain at the same level as in 2024, and the target scenario assumed preemptive growth aimed at meeting increasing demand for raw materials in Russia. The plan included work on exploration targeting discovery of large mineral deposits in Russia, including in the Arctic Region and in the Far East. The strategy emphasized the need to meet the current and future needs of the economy in strategic types of solid minerals. The reliance on imported raw materials, such as chromium, manganese, and titanium, was to be reduced significantly. The major goals of the strategy were increased degrees of domestic processing and consumption of mineral resources, as well as building infrastructure for development and implementation of new technologies (Vedomosti.ru, 2024).  

A significant increase in demand for the strategic resources is anticipated against the backdrop of accelerated growth rates in the defense industry, metallurgy, the chemical industry, the construction sector, and other key industries. According to the updated strategy, Russia views the implementation of international projects—including the acquisition of necessary mineral and raw material assets by Russian companies in friendly nations—as an additional mechanism for addressing deficits in import-dependent mineral resources (Ignat’yeva, 2024). 

According to the document, all significant mineral resources are categorized into three groups. Group 1 comprises mineral resources whose reserves, under any scenario, are sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy through 2035 (apatite ores, bromine, cement raw materials, coal, cobalt, copper, helium, iron ores, natural gas, nickel, platinum-group metals, potash salts, tin, and specific minor metals: cesium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, rubidium, scandium, and vanadium). Group 2 comprises mineral resources for which production is not sufficiently backed by reserves through 2035 (antimony, diamond, gold, lead, oil and gas condensate, high-purity quartz raw materials, silver, and zinc). Group 3 comprises import-dependent, deficit-prone mineral resources—those whose domestic consumption is substantially met through imports—including uranium, manganese, chromium, titanium, bauxite, molybdenum, tungsten, lithium, beryllium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, rhenium, rare-earth metals, graphite, and fluorspar. Other scarce mineral resources include bentonite clays, kaolin, iodine, and muscovite. Notably, significant reserves of virtually all types of these scarce mineral resources have already been explored within Russia (Ignat’yeva, 2024). 

The primary catalyst for the efficient development of deposits containing the scarce mineral resources in Groups 2 and 3 in Russia is an ongoing increase in domestic demand for final mineral products—driven, in particular, by the establishment of new Russian production facilities for the deep processing of raw materials (hubs) and the production of high-tech finished goods. In 2022—for the first time in 26 years—Russia updated its official list of strategic mineral resources. The list of items was expanded from 29 to 61 and will be subject to revision at least once every 3 years. The Government was expected to develop a concrete list of tasks directed at implementation of the strategy (Ignat’yeva, 2024). 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

The Ministry for Natural Resources and Environment (Minprirody) was responsible for the development of laws and regulations related to geologic exploration and the rational use and protection of subsoil resources. The Federal Agency for Subsoil Use (Rosnedra) was responsible for the management of the Government’s subsoil resources. Specifically, Rosnedra was responsible for implementation and execution of subsoil-related laws and regulations in specific jurisdictions (Russian Government, The, 2026a, b). 

At the end of 2024, Russia had about 17,700 enterprises engaged in mining and quarrying, which was a 2.3% increase compared with that in 2023. Of these enterprises, 4,700 were engaged in the mining of metallic ores; 1,000 in the production of petroleum and natural gas; 600 in the mining of coal; and the rest, in the mining of other minerals. Of all mining and quarrying enterprises, 16,500 were owned by Russian citizens either in their private capacity or as owners of private businesses, about 100 were owned by regional and municipal Governments, and about 100 were owned either by foreign companies or were jointly owned by domestic and foreign entities. The ownership of the other 1,000 enterprises was not reported. In addition, Russia had 3,300 enterprises producing base metals and 39,800 enterprises engaged in production of finished metallurgical products, of which 3,100 and 39,900, respectively, were owned by Russian citizens either in their private capacity or as owners of private businesses. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Federal’naya Sluzhba Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki, 2025, p. 315, 317–318). 

Mineral Trade 

In 2022, Russia’s Federal State Statistical Service suspended publication of statistics on foreign trade in goods and services and, as a result, data for 2022 were not published. In 2023 and in 2024, however, the Federal State Statistical Service published very limited range of data covering international trade. Specifically, overall exports and imports were reported as \$433.9 and \$283 billion, which was a 2.1% increase and a 0.8% decrease, respectively, compared with exports and imports in 2023. Although no data on individual mineral commodities was made available, exports of mineral products were reported as \$264.1 billion, which was a 1.4% increase compared with exports in 2023; exports of metals and metal products were reported as \$63.7 billion, which was a 6.2% increase compared with exports in 2023; and exports of chemical products and rubber were reported as \$27.6 billion, which was a 1.5% increase compared with exports in 2023. In 2024, exports to countries in Asia accounted for \$329.2 billion (76% of the total) and exports to Europe, \$68.4 billion (16% of the total). In comparison, in 2022, exports to Asia accounted for \$290.4 billion (49% of the total) and exports to Europe, \$265.6 billion (45% of the total). All exports and imports data were attributed to the data posted on the official website of the Federal Customs Service of Russia (Federal’naya Sluzhba Gosudarstvennoy Statistiki 2025, p. 553–554). 

Commodity Review 

Clay (Kaolin).—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 5 Mt of kaolin, which was an estimated 1.2% decrease from production in 2023. Russia has more than 20 kaolin deposits, but clay quality in most of them was quite low, and prior to 2022 Russia imported more than 1 Mt/yr of kaolin from Europe, primarily from Ukraine. Domestic consumption of kaolin was estimated at 5.1 Mt in 2023 (the latest year for which the data was available), a 65% increase compared with kaolin consumption in 2022. Domestic clay industry was able to significantly increase production in the last several years, from 2.24 Mt in 2021 and 2.98 Mt in 2022 (Production table; RG.ru, 2023). 

The leading producer of kaolin in Russia was OOO Plast-Rifey (Plast-Rifey) that mined the Zhuravlinyi Log quarry in Chelyabinsk Oblast. Kaolin produced at the Zhuravlinyi Log is used in production of ceramics and porcelain, cement and other construction materials, as well as paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The quarry at Zhuravlinyi Log was the largest kaolin deposit in Russia with total resources of 60 Mt and contained three different types of kaolin, all of which are amenable to beneficiation. In 2022, Plast-Rifey planned to expand production by mining kaolin from another deposit and building the second beneficiation plant but as of 2024 no specific information about expansion was available (Facilities table; Bezformata, 2022; Shiryayev and Stafeeva, 2023). 

OOO Rif-Mikromramor planned to complete construction of a kaolin beneficiation plant in Orenburg Oblast in 2024. The initial capacity of the plant was expected to be 100,000 t/yr and later increase to 300,000 t/yr. Total investment in the plant was expected to be \$10.8 million, to be contributed by the company and the regional government. The plant was expected to create 150 jobs and bring the government of Orenburg Oblast about \$15 million in taxes over a 10-year period. The company planned to produce kaolin at the Yuzhno-Ushkotinskoye deposit in Orenburg Oblast. The original production capacity was expected to be 400,000 t/yr, with eventual increase to 1 Mt/yr of kaolin. As of yearend, it was not known if the construction of the plant had been completed (Tass.ru, 2023b; Metallplace.ru, 2024; Mednogorskiy Rabochiy, 2025). 

Copper.—In 2024, Russia increased its copper in ore production by 13.9% to an estimated 1.27 Mt; copper in concentrate production, by 13.8% to 1.02 Mt. Refined copper production decreased by 9.9% to 895,000 t. Copper production by solvent extraction was estimated to remain unchanged at 800 t. In 2024, copper in Russia was produced from about 40 ore deposits and 3 technogenic deposits. The primary copper-producing regions in Russia were, in order of decreasing production, Krasnoyarsk Kray (where the Norilsk ore province is located), the Central and Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, and Sverdlovsk Oblasts and the Republic of Bashkortostan), Zabaykalskiy Kray, and Murmansk Oblast. Also, production of copper and copper-containing ores was carried out in the North Caucasus and in southern Siberia (in Altay Kray and the Republics of Khakasiya and Tyva). Three vertically integrated holding companies—PAO GMK Norilsk Nickel (Nornickel), OAO Urals Mining and Metallurgical Co. (UGMK), and ZAO Russkaya Mednaya Kompaniya (RMK)—produced most of the country’s copper output, 93% of mined copper and 99.98% of concentrate (Facilities table; Production table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 248, 249). 

Nornickel produced mined copper from copper-nickel sulfide deposits in the Norilsk ore province in Krasnoyarsk Kray and from the Pechenga area in Murmansk Oblast. Overall, the company had sufficient mineral resources to continue mining copper-nickel ores for at least 70 years. In addition, Nornickel was a majority owner (50.01% share) of the Bystrinskiy GOK in Zabaykalskiy Kray, which began industrial-scale copper production in 2019, producing about 11.0 million metric tons (Mt) of ore in that year. Nornickel estimated the life of the mine at the Bystrinskiy GOK to be 27 years. Marketable products of the Bystrinskiy GOK were three types of concentrates—gold-containing copper (23% Cu), gold-containing gravity concentrate, and magnetite. Gold-containing copper and magnetite concentrates were exported to Southeast Asia, and the gold-containing gravity concentrate was processed at Nornickel facilities (Facilities table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 249–252). 

UGMK was developing copper and polymetallic deposits in the Altay Mountains region, the Central and Southern Urals, and the Northern Caucasus. The Gayskiy deposit, which is located in Orenburg Oblast, and the Yubileynyi deposit, which is located in the Republic of Bashkortostan, produced about 40% of all UGMK-mined copper. Several smaller deposits (the Novo-Shemurskoye and Safyanovskoye deposits in Sverdlovsk Oblast, the Osenneye deposit in Orenburg Oblast and the Uzel’ginskoye deposit in Chelyabinsk Oblast) together produced another 35%. UGMK had a total of 11 processing plants that produced copper concentrates containing between 18% and 23% copper. The metallurgical processing of all these concentrates was carried out at metallurgical plants owned by UGMK (Facilities table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2023, p. 185-186; 2024, p. 252–253). 

RMK produced copper in the Urals region, including from the Mikheevskoye and the Tominskoye copper porphyry deposits in Chelyabinsk Oblast and the Chebachye, Dzhusinskoye, INand Vesenne-Aralchiskoye copper pyrite deposits in Chelyabinsk and Orenburg Oblasts. Additionally, RMK was the only company in Russia that produced copper at the Gumeshevskoye deposit in Sverdlovsk Oblast using the in situ leaching method. The company had sufficient resources to continue copper mining for 24 years. RMK conducted copper beneficiation and metallurgical processing of its mined copper ore at company-owned facilities in Russia (Facilities table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 252–253). 

OOO Udokanskaya Med’, which was a subsidiary of USM Holding Co., had been preparing the Udokanskoye deposit in Zabaykalskiy Kray for production since 2008. The GOK at the deposit was inaugurated in September 2023 and in 2024 produced 160,000 t of copper concentrate. The Udokanskoye Mine was the largest copper Mine in Russia with JORC-compliant resources of 26.7 Mt of copper with copper content in ore of 1.05%. In addition, the deposit had resources of 32,800 t of silver. The design capacity of the first phase of mining was expected to be up to 15 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of ore and 150,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of copper in concentrate. The first phase would continue through 2033, and production would be carried out using the open pit method. Total investment in the first stage of the project was \$2.9 billion. Later, the production capacity of the mine would be increased to 550,000 t/yr of copper. The total life of the mine was expected to be 70 years (Dprom.online, 2022; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 254–256; OOO Udokanskaya Med’, 2026). 

RMK was preparing the Malmyzhskoye gold-copper porphyry deposit in Khabarovsk Kray for production. Production at the Malmyzhskoye Mine was expected to commence in 2026, and the mine would have the capacity to produce between 90 Mt and 104 Mt/yr in ore, 250,000 t/yr of copper in concentrate, and 6,000 kg/yr of gold (Dprom.online, 2022; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 255–256; Metallplace.ru, 2025; NedraDV.ru, 2025). 

OOO UK Bayimskaya (which until 2023 was a subsidiary of KAZ Minerals plc of Kazakhstan but since 2024 is owned by RusCapital managing Co.) was preparing the copper porphyry Peschanka deposit in Chukotskiy Avtonomnyi Okrug for production, where mining was expected to begin in 2027. At capacity, production would reach 70 Mt/yr of ore, 300,000 t/yr of copper in concentrate, and 15,200 t/yr gold. Power lines and roads were being constructed at the Peschanka deposit (NedraDV.ru, 2023; Dprom.online, 2024c; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 255–256; Khazbiyev, 2025). 

Fluorspar.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 70,000 t of fluorspar, which was unchanged compared with production in 2023. All fluorite was produced by two companies—OOO Egitinskiy GOK Plyus that mined the Egitinskoye quartz-carbonate-fluorspar deposit in Buryatiya Republic by open pit method and OOO Voldinskiy Fluorit mined the Shahmatnoye deposit in Zabaykalskiy Kray, also by open pit method. The Shahmatnoe deposit was relatively small, and the reserves were expected to be depleted by 2025, but the Egitinskoye deposit was larger. In 2021, the Egitinskiy GOK began industrial-scale production and produced the first 49,000 t of concentrate. As of 2024, the Mine at Egitinskoye has not yet reached full capacity of 150,000 t/yr. The Egitinskoye deposit was discovered in 1974 and had reserves of 1.6 Mt of fluorspar. The total investment in the Egitinskiy GOK was estimated to be 2 billion rubles (about \$22 million) (Facilities table; Production table; Tass.ru, 2021; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 665–666).  

Graphite.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 20,000 t of graphite, which was a 17% decrease compared with production in 2023. Two graphite mines were under development in Russia. The Tayginskoye Mine, which is located in Chelyabinskaya Oblast, contained flake-type graphite. Ore was produced by OOO Kar’yer, and the beneficiation and processing were done at the OOO Tayginskiy GOK. OOO Tayginskiy GOK produced 19 grades of graphite that varied by minimal graphite content and the size of the flakes. The output of the flake graphite was exported and used domestically. Among domestic consumers of flake graphite were producers of refractory materials, companies working in the production of hydrocarbons, and machine-building companies (Facilities table; Production table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 614-615; Eastrussia.ru, 2025). 

Another company, AO Krasnoyarskgraphit, occasionally produced graphite from the Kureyskoye Mine located in the northern part of Krasnoyarsk Kray. The deposit contained amorphous graphite; however, complicated logistics, the low accessibility of the deposit, and unstable demand determined the occasional nature of production. In the past decade, production took place only in 2014, 2017, 2022, and 2023. The ore produced at the Kureyskoye deposit was transported by barge to the processing plant, which was located in the city of Krasnoyarsk and had the capacity to produce 20,000 t/yr of graphite. Depending on demand, the plant operated at between 30% and 50% of its capacity. The plant produced cryptocrystalline graphite, carburizers, and other products. The output was mostly sold domestically, primarily to metallurgical and machine-building plants (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 615). 

Another graphite mine, the Topolikhinskiy section of the Soyuznoye deposit located in Evreyskaya Avtonomnaya Oblast’, was under development. Production was expected to be by open pit, and the mine would have the capacity to produce 340,000 t/yr of ore and 40,000 t/yr of graphite. OOO Dal’nevostochnyi Grafit, which was a subsidiary of the Magnezit Group, was the holder of the production license for the deposit. Construction of infrastructure for the mining and beneficiation complex, or GOK, began in 2017 and included a powerplant, a heating plant, and water supply; the GOK would also have a beneficiation plant and a tailings storage area. Production was expected to begin in 2025, and the GOK would reach design capacity in 2026. The beneficiation would use a flotation method to produce graphite with 94.3% purity and separate various sizes of flake to produce multiple products. Also, the products could be chemically beneficiated at AO Irgiredmet. The graphite products were expected to be partially exported and partially used domestically (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 615; Dprom.online, 2025; Eastrussia.ru, 2025; Tass.ru, 2025; Magnezit.ru, 2026). 

Helium.—In 2024, helium production in Russia increased by 97% to at an estimated 15.3 million cubic meters compared with production in 2023. The major producers of helium in 2024 were the Orenburgskiy helium plant (OHZ), which was a subsidiary of PAO Gazprom, and the Amurskiy gas-processing plant (Amurskiy GPZ), which was located in Amur Oblast and also was a subsidiary of PAO Gazprom. The design capacity of the OHZ was 8.8 million cubic meters per year of helium. The plant received raw materials from the Orenburgskoye petroleum and gas condensate field and the Karachaganakskoye gas condensate field. Over the years, gas production at the helium-containing Orenburgskoye Field has been decreasing and gas production at the nonhelium-containing Karachaganakskoye Field has been increasing and, as a result, helium production at OHZ peaked at 5.1 million cubic meters in 2017 and had been slowly decreasing ever since. It was expected that production at the OHZ would gradually decrease and eventually stabilize at between 3.0 and 3.3 million cubic meters per year. Based on the reserves of the reservoirs, it was expected that OHZ had enough gas reserves to continue operations for another 35 to 40 years (Facilities table; Production table; Budris, 2022; Ogrel’, 2023). 

Amurskiy GPZ inaugurated its first and second production lines in 2021. These two production lines were integrated with the first unit for separation, liquefaction, and packaging of helium and had a total capacity of 20 million cubic meters per year. Two accidents had taken place at the Amurskiy GPZ—a fire in October 2021 and an explosion in January 2022—and the plant had to make repairs and conduct restoration and therefore was able to produce only 0.5 million cubic meters of helium in 2022. According to the company plans, the plant would open two more helium units and achieve full capacity of 60 million cubic meters of helium per year by 2026 (Budris, 2022; Iyevlev, 2023). 

The technological scheme at the Amurskiy GPZ was as follows. First, the gas produced at the Kovyktinskoye field would be transported through the “Siberia Force” pipeline to the Chayandinskoye field located in the Sakha Republic (Yakutiya). There, at the helium membrane extraction unit, concentrate would be produced and stored in the Chayandinskoye reservoir. This technical solution would allow variable helium production, depending on market conditions. Then a mix of natural gas from the Chayandinskoye and the Kovyktinskoye Fields with a specified amount of helium would be transported to the Amurskiy GPZ, which was designed to produce super-pure helium containing 99.9995% He (Global Energy, 2022). 

In mid-2023, the Irkutskaya Petroleum Co. inaugurated its first helium plant. The company produced helium at the Yaraktinskoye petroleum and gas condensate field in Irkutsk Oblast and would have capacity of 7.5 million cubic meters per year of helium (Facilities table; IA Devon, 2023; Iyevlev, 2023). 

In June 2024, the European Union approved the 14th packet of sanctions against Russia. The packet introduced restrictions on Russia’s exports of compressed natural gas (CNG), banned exports of several types of plastics to Russia, banned investment in Russia’s CNG production, and banned imports of helium from Russia. As of yearend 2024, the primary consumer of Russia’s helium was China. Russia’s total helium production capacity was 35 million cubic meters per year but only about 50% of it was used. The major bottleneck was the deficit of specialized containers for transporting liquid helium. Gazprom was in the process of organizing domestic production of such containers and in the short term was purchasing them in China (Rupec.ru, 2024; Cheminsight.ru, 2025). 

Scandium.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 900 kilograms of scandium oxide, which was estimated to be unchanged from its production in 2023. According to expert estimates, domestic consumption of scandium oxide was between 1,500 kilograms per year (kg/yr) and 4,000 kg/yr. Production of commodity scandium oxide was conducted using two technologies—during processing of uranium ore and from waste material, known as red mud or bauxite residue, obtained during bauxite processing. In 2017, AO Dalur, which was a subsidiary of GK Rosatom, began a pilot project at the Dalmatovskoye uranium Mine for extracting scandium from uranium solution after uranium is extracted. In 2022, AO Dalur began industrial-scale extraction of scandium oxide with installation capacity of 1,500 kg/yr. The plant had enough raw materials to continue scandium work for more than 10 years. Between 2019 and 2022, annual production of scandium oxide varied between 400 and 600 kilograms (Facilities table; Production table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2023, p. 397‒398).  

In 2016, United Company RUSAL (RUSAL) began developing a carbonization technology for extracting scandium from bauxite residue at the Ural’skiy AZ and was able to create a pilot installation with capacity of 96 kg/yr and scandium oxide purity of 99.4%. In 2021, RUSAL continued to improve the technology and created a large pilot installation at the Bogoslovskiy AZ for production of scandium-containing alumina that could be directly used for production of special alloys. In 2022, technological blueprint was developed for construction of an experimental installation for production of scandium oxide with capacity of 700 kg/yr of scandium oxide (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2023, p. 397‒398). 

RUSAL planned to invest \$5.4 million to create scandium oxide pilot production at the Bogoslovskiy AZ by the end of 2025.  The initial installation capacity was expected to be 1,500 kg/yr of scandium oxide and was expected to increase to 19,000 kg/yr when production is transitioned to industrial scale (Bichashvili, 2025; Perechneva, 2025).  

Tantalum.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 29 t of tantalum, which was estimated to be unchanged compared with production in 2023. The only mining company producing tantalum in Russia was OOO Lovozerskiy GOK in Murmansk Oblast, which became a subsidiary of GK Rosatom in May 2023. In 2024, the Lovozerskiy GOK continued extracting ore material from the previously stripped sections and was expected to increase ore production from 420,000 t/yr to 500,000 t/yr. During the 2027–35 period, the GOK planned to strip a new section of the deposit and increase ore material production to 550,000 t/yr. Overall, the Mine had sufficient reserves for operation in the following 100 years. The original processing of loparite ore into loparite concentrate was done at the processing facilities of the Lovozerskiy GOK and then the loparite concentrate, containing 96.9% loparite, was shipped to the OAO Solikamskiy Magnesium Plant (SMZ), which became a GK Rosatom subsidiary in January 2023. The concentrate on average contained between 0.5% and 0.8% of tantalum oxide (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 481‒482). 

SMZ conducted chemical and metallurgical processing of the loparite concentrate and was able to extract 86% to 88% of tantalum in technical oxides, as well as extract rare earth elements, niobium, and titanium. The plant had capacity to process 13,000 t/yr of loparite concentrate and produce up to 60 t/yr of tantalum in tantalum oxides equivalent. In 2024, SMZ was in the process of creating a production chain for production of tantalum metal and tantalum powder of the so-called condenser quality, that is, appropriate for production of electronics. SMZ already completed a pilot project and was creating blueprints of the industrial-scale plant for production of tantalum metal (Facilities table; Production table; Dprom.online, 2024a; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 482‒483). 

In 2024, ZAO Technoinvest Alyance worked on construction of two facilities expected to be commissioned simultaneously in 2027. The first facility was Zashihinskiy GOK, a mining complex at the Zashikhinskoye tantalum and niobium deposit in Irkutsk Oblast. The second facility was a chemical and metallurgical plant for processing concentrates of niobium and tantalum in the city of Krasnokamensk in Krasnoyarsk Kray. These two facilities would create a complete cycle of mining and processing niobium and tantalum in Siberia. According to the company, resources of the Zashikhinkoye deposit were 157,700 t of niobium, 15,700 t of tantalum, and 264,300 t of zirconium. The company planned to use gravitation-magnet technology for beneficiation and planned to produce 6,800 t/yr of columbite (the mineral containing iron, manganese, niobium, and tantalum) concentrate and 7,000 t/yr of zirconium concentrate. At that point, further processing would take place at the chemical and metallurgical plant. At the first stage of the project, only columbite concentrate would be processed into 180 t of tantalum oxide and 2,400 t of niobium oxide. At the second stage, the plant would also process zirconium concentrate (Dprom.online, 2023; NedraDV.ru, 2026). 

Tin.—In 2024, Russia produced 3,267 t of mined tin in concentrate, which was an 8.5% decrease compared with production in 2023. Two companies producing mined tin in Russia were PAO Rusolovo (Rusolovo), which was a tin division of PAO Seligdar, which had operations in Khabarovsk Kray, and AO Yanolovo (Yanolovo) with operations in the Sakha Republic (Yakutiya). Overall, tin production in Russia was slowly increasing in the past 10 years, and the companies planned for continuous expansion in operations. Rusolovo completed the second stage of modernization of the beneficiation plant at the Festival’noye Mine that had capacity to produce 3,300 t/yr of tin, and in 2024 began production at the new area of the deposit called Svintsovaya. At the Pravourmyskoye Mine, Rusolovo began construction in 2020 of a new GOK that would have capacity to process 450,000 t/yr of ore and produce 3,800 t/yr of tin concentrate. In 2024, Yanolovo produced 800 t of tin in concentrate, which was a 41% increase compared with production in 2023. Yanolovo mined an alluvial deposit called Ruchey Tirekhtyakh and planned to reach production level of 3,000 t/yr of tin in the near future (Facilities table; Production table; DVnovosti.ru, 2024; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 349‒351; Metalinfo.ru, 2025b; PAO Rusolovo, 2026). 

In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 2,700 t of refined tin, which was a 3.6% decrease compared with production in 2023. At the same time, Rusolovo was in the process of building a new Amurskiy Metallurgical Complex (AMK) in Khabarovsk Kray. The AMK was expected to be commissioned in 2027 and would have capacity to produce 5,500 t/yr of tin metal and would create about 200 jobs. The total investment was estimated at \$140 million, of which about \$93million Rusolovo already invested. AMK was expected to become the hub of Khabarovsk tin cluster that would also include tin GOKs located in Khabarovsk Kray, which would have a total investment of \$314 million (Facilities table; Production table; Bichashvili, 2024; DVobozreniye, 2024; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 350‒352). 

Titanium.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 86,400 t of titanium oxide in concentrate, which was an increase of 59% compared with the production in 2023. Mined titanium was produced in Russia by three companies—OOO Lovozerskiy GOK, AO Tuganskiy GOK, and AO Baikalo-Amurskaya Gornorudnaya Co. (BAGK). The three companies produced ilmenite, loparite, and rutile-leucoxene concentrates that contained titanium dioxide. OOO Lovozerskiy GOK mined loparite and processed it into loparite concentrate containing 96.9% loparite and shipped it to SMZ where titanium and other loparite components were extracted (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 404‒406; NedraDV.ru, 2024). 

In 2021, AO Tuganskiy GOK began production at an alluvial titanium-zirconium mine in Tomsk Oblast. Starting in 2022, the company planned to produce 11,400 t/yr of ilmenite concentrates and 800 t/yr of leucoxene concentrates. However, the company expected that by 2026 it would be able to increase production by three to four times, and then again to triple production by 2029. The resources of the Tuganskoye deposit were estimated to be 250 Mt of titanium-zirconium sands, and the company planned to mine about 2.3 Mt/yr of sands by 2026. At this production rate, the deposit would have enough resources for 100 years of mining (Kuchumova, 2022; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 404‒405). 

In 2021, BAGK acquired the Mine at the Kuranakhskoye titanium magnetite deposit in Amurskaya Oblast, which was previously being developed by the OOO Olekminskiy Rudnik, which was a subsidiary of IRC Ltd. OOO Olekminskiy Rudnik was operating the mine between 2005 and 2015 and, in December 2015, decided to freeze operations owing to operations losses. In September 2023, BAGK resumed operations at the mine and during 2023 produced about 100,000 t of ilmenite concentrate containing between 48% and 50% titanium oxide. In 2024, production of ilmenite concentrate further increased, and by 2025 the company expected to increase production to 180,000 t/yr of ilmenite concentrate. As of 2024, total investment to restart mining amounted to \$44 million (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 405‒406; NedraDV.ru, 2024; AO Baikalo-Amurskaya Gornorudnaya Korporatsiya, 2026). 

Also, Russia produced an estimated 35,000 t of titanium sponge, which was a 19% decrease compared with 2023 production. Of the total production, about 33,500 t was produced by OAO Corp. VSMPO-Avisma (VSMPO-Avisma) and 1,500 t was produced by the Solikamskiy Magnesium Plant (SMZ), both of which were located in Perm Kray. VSMPO-Avisma had the capacity to produce 44,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of titanium sponge, and SMZ had the capacity to produce 2,500 t/yr. For production of titanium ingots and slab, VSMPO-Avisma had a capacity of 72,000 t/yr; the Chepetskiy Mechanical Plant (ChMZ), 5,000 t/yr; and Stupinskaya Metallurgical Co. (SMK) and AO Ruspolymet, 2,000 t/yr each. (Facilities table; Production table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 406‒407; Metalinfo.ru, 2023). 

Prior to 2021, VSMPO-Avisma exported about 70% of its titanium products; major recipients of these products were leading aircraft and engine manufacturing companies such as Airbus SE of the Netherlands, Boeing Co. of the United States, Collins Aerospace Systems of the United States, Embraer S.A. of Brazil, Rolls-Royce plc of the United Kingdom, and SAFRAN S.A. of France. Prior to 2021, VSMPO-Avisma provided titanium to satisfy 35% of Boeing’s demand, 65% of Airbus Group’s demand, and 100% of Embraer’s demand. In 2022, Airbus, Boeing, Rolls-Royce, and Safran announced their intention to stop purchasing titanium products from Russia owing to the sanctions imposed on Russia because of the war in Ukraine. AO United Engine Corp. (ODK) and PAO United Aircraft Corp. (OAK), both of which were subsidiaries of state-owned Rostech Corp., also were leading buyers of titanium products (Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2022, p. 324, 325; 2024, p. 406‒407). 

Zinc.—In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 310,000 t of mined zinc, which was a 0.8% increase compared with production in 2023. Industrial production of zinc in the country was carried out at 37 mines in many regions and extraction of zinc into concentrates took place at 32 of them. Major zinc-producing regions were the Urals, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Siberia and the Far East, and the leading zinc-producing companies were OAO Highland Gold, OAO UGMK, and two companies owned by investors from China—OOO Luncin and OOO Baykalrud. Other large companies mining zinc were a Group of Companies Novoangarskiy Gorno-obogatitel’nyi Kombinat, Gorevskiy Gorno-obogatitel’nyi Kombinat (GK NOK-GGOK); AO RMK, and AO GK Dal’polimetall (Facilities table; Production table; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 326-329).  

In 2024, Russia produced an estimated 200,000 t of zinc metal, which was a 1.9% decrease compared with production in 2023. Before 2018, Russia had two zinc plants that had capacity to produce about 290,000 t/yr of zinc, and zinc consumption in Russia in recent years was between 260,000 and 280,000 t/yr. In 2018, the Electrozink plant, which was located in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetiya, was rendered inactive, and the decision was made not to rebuild the plant. As a result, the only zinc plant left in Russia was the Chelyabinskiy Tsink (Zinc) plant (ChTsZ), which had the capacity to produce between 200,000 and 205,000 t/yr of zinc. (Facilities table; Production table; Metalinfo.ru, 2022; Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii, 2024, p. 326-329). 

In September 2024, a new zinc GOK at the Ozyornoye polymetallic deposit was commissioned in the Republic of Buryatiya. The GOK was expected to reach full production capacity in 2025 and at that time would produce 6 Mt/yr of ore, 600,000 t/yr of zinc concentrate containing 53% zinc, and 82,000 t/yr of lead concentrate. The ore of the Ozyornoye deposit also contained cadmium and silver, and total resources were estimated at 157 Mt of mineralized material. The project had multiple delays owing to lack of infrastructure in the region and the need to develop a processing procedure to extract components from refractory ores (Erdc.ru, 2024; Metalinfo.ru, 2025a). 

In 2024, Polymet Engineering Co. continued working on construction of a new zinc plant in the town of Verkhniy Ufaley in Chelyabinskaya Oblast’ and expected to commission the plant in 2025. Ufaleynickel had produced nickel metal at this site between 1933 and 2017 that, at the height of production, accounted for up to 15% of nickel production in the country and up to 1% of world nickel production. The bankruptcy of Ufaleynickel in 2017 left 2,000 of its workers without jobs in a town with limited employment opportunities for skilled metallurgists. Construction of a new metallurgical plant in the town would reduce social tensions in Verkhniy Ufaley and create a new center of zinc production. The new zinc plant in VerkhniyUfaley would have the capacity to produce 120,000 t/yr of zinc and would be able to make use of the town’s skilled labor force. The total cost of the project was estimated to be about \$360 million, of which the cost of equipment would be about \$50 million, and 820 jobs would be created (Dprom.online, 2021, 2024b; Metalinfo.ru, 2022; Tass.ru, 2024). 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

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• Friedline, C.A., 2026a, Niobium (columbium): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 134–135. 

• Friedline, C.A., 2026b, Tantalum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 186–187. 

• Friedline, C.A., 2026c, Tin: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 194–195. 

• Bezformata, 2022, Plast-rifey gotov obespechit’ predpriyatiya Rossii kaolinomkaolinom [Plast-Rifey is ready to provide kaolin for Russia’s companies]: Chelyabinsks, Russia, Bezformata, May 5. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://chelyabinsk.bezformata.com/listnews/obespechit-predpriyatiya-ro….) [In Russian.] 

• Garant.ru, 2026, Zakon “O nedrah” [Law on subsoil]: Moscow, Russia, Garant.ru. (Accessed January 5, 2026, at https://base.garant.ru/10104313/.) [In Russian.] 

• Global Energy, 2022, Rossiya mozhet voyti v troyku krupneyshih proizvoditeley geliya [Russia could be among top three helium producers]: Moscow, Russia, Global Energy, December 26. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://globalenergyprize.org/ru/2022/12/26/rossiya-mozhet-vojti-v-troj….) [In Russian.] 

• Goodin, R.C, 2026a, Helium and rare gases: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 96–97. 

• Goodin, R.C, 2026b, Sand and gravel (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 164–165. 

• Hartingh, A.M., 2026, Silver: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 172–173. 

• Hatfield, A.K., 2026, Cement: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 62–63. 

• IA Devon, 2023, V Rossii poyavilsya vtoroy proizvoditel’ geliya [A new helium producer appeared in Russia]: Kazan’, Russia, IA Devon, June 14. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://iadevon.ru/news/chemistry/v_rossii_poyavilsya_vtoroy_proizvodit….) [In Russian.] 

• Ignat’yeva, A., 2024, Utverzhdena obnovlyonnaya Strategiya razvitiya mineral’no-syr’evoy bazy RF do 2050 g. [A revised Strategy for the development of minerals and raw materials in RF through 2050]: Moscow, Russia, Neftegaz.ru, July 29. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://neftegaz.ru/news/gas/846476-utverzhdena-obnovlennaya-strategiya….) [In Russian.] 

• Iyevlev, Pavel, 2023, Russkiy geliy zapolnyaet rynok. Rastet proizvodstvo blagorodnyh gazov [Russian helium is filling up the market. Production of noble gases increases]: Moscow, Russia, DigitalOcean.ru, August 9. (Accessed January 26, 2024, at https://digitalocean.ru/n/russkij-gelij-zapolnyaet-rynok.) [In Russian.] 

• Jasinski, S.M., 2026a, Phosphate rock: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 142–143. 

• Jasinski, S.M., 2026b, Potash: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 146–147. 

• Johnston, S.N., 2026, Rare earths: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 152–153. 

• Khazbiyev, Alexey, 2025, Med’ prityagivayet infrastrukturu [Copper attracts infrastructure]: Moscow, Russia, Expert.ru, April 21. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://expert.ru/promishlennost/med-prityagivaet-infrastrukturu/.) [In Russian.] 

• Kim, Ji-Eun, 2026, Barite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 48–49. 

• Klochko, Kateryna, 2026a, Antimony: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 42–43. 

• Klochko, Kateryna, 2026b, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 114–115. 

• Konsultant.ru, 2024, Zakon RF “O nedrah” ot 21.02.1992 N 2395-1 (poslednyaya redaktsiya) [RF subsoil law from 02.21.1992 No 2395-1 (latest version)]: Moscow, Russia, Konsultant.ru. (Accessed January 5, 2026, at https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_343.) [In Russian.] 

• Kuchumova, Anna, 2022, Rossiyskiy titan: ot legend k real’nosti [Russian titanium—From legends to reality]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Dprom.online, June 14. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://dprom.online/mtindustry/rossijskij-titan-ot-legend-k-realnosti/.) [In Russian.] 

• Londono, Vanessa., 2026a, Magnesium compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 120–121. 

• Londono, Vanessa., 2026b, Magnesium metal: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 122–123. 

• MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026a, Lime: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 116–117. 

• MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026b, Salt: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 160–161. 

• Magnezit.ru, 2026, Dal’grafit [Dalgraphite]: Satka, Russia, Magnezit.ru. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://magnezit.ru/about/dalgrafit/.) [In Russian.] 

• Mednogorskiy Rabochiy, 2025, Evgeniy Solntsev obsudil perspektivy sozdaniya zavoda po glubokoy pererabotke kaolina [Evgeniy Solntsev discussed perspectives of creating a plant for deep processing od kaolin]: Mednogorsk, Russia, Mednogorskiy Rabochiy, June 19. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://medrab.ru/jekonomika/evgenij-solncev-obsudil-perspektivy-sozdan….) [In Russian.] 

• Merrill, A.M., 2026a, Aluminum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 40–41. 

• Merrill, A.M., 2026b, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 50–51. 

• Merrill, A.M., 2026c, Zeolites (natural): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 210–211. 

• Metalinfo.ru, 2022, V Rossii mozhet poyavit’sya eshe odin zavod po proizvodstvu tsinka [One more zinc plant could appear in Russia]: Moscow, Russia, Metalinfo.ru, November 5. (Accessed February 1, 2026, at https://www.metalinfo.ru/ru/news/136679.) [In Russian.] 

• Metalinfo.ru, 2023, Vnutrenniy rynok potrebleniya titana rastyet [Domestic market for titanium consumption is growing]: Moscow, Russia, Metalinfo.ru, July 14. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.metalinfo.ru/ru/news/151010.) [In Russian.] 

• Metalinfo.ru, 2025a, V etom godu budet reshena problema c nehvatkoy tsinka na otechestvennom rynke [The year the problem of zinc on the domestic market will be solved]: Moscow, Russia, Metalinfo.ru, January 14. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://www.metalinfo.ru/ru/news/168695.) [In Russian.] 

• Metalinfo.ru, 2025b, Yanolovo dobylo 800 tonn olova v 2024 godu [Yanolovo produced 800 metric tons of tin in 2024]: Moscow, Russia, Metalinfo.ru, January 24. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://www.metalinfo.ru/ru/news/169098.) [In Russian.] 

• Metallplace.ru, 2025, Osvoyeniye Malmyzhskogo mestorozhdeniya medi vyshlo na finishnuyu pryamuyu [The development of the Malmyzhskoye deposit is approaching the finish line]: Moscow, Russia, Metallplace.ru, December 2. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://metallplace.ru/news021225_15/.) [In Russian.] 

• Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation], 2022, O sostoyanii i ispol’zovanii mineral’no-syr’yevyh resursov Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 2021 godu [On the condition and use of mineral raw materials in the Russian Federation in 2021]: Moscow, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute for Mineral Resources (FBU VIMS), 623 p. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.rosnedra.gov.ru/article/15043.html.) [In Russian.] 

• Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation], 2023, Gosudarstvenniy doklad o sostoyanii i ispol’zovanii mineral’no-syr’yevyh resursov Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 2022 godu [Government report on the condition and use of mineral raw materials in the Russian Federation in 2022]: Moscow, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute for Mineral Resources (FBU VIMS), 634 p. (Accessed February 26, 2026, at https://vims-geo.ru/media/documents/00_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%….) [In Russian.] 

• Ministerstvo Prirodnyh Resursov i Ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation], 2024, Gosudarstvenniy doklad o sostoyanii i ispol’zovanii mineral’no-syr’evyh resursov Rossiyskoy Federatsii v 2023 godu [Government report on the condition and use of mineral raw materials in the Russian Federation in 2023]: Moscow, Russia, All-Russia Research Institute for Mineral Resources (FBU VIMS), 710 p. (Accessed February 26, 2026, at https://vims-geo.ru/media/documents/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%….) [In Russian.] 

• Tass.ru, 2018, Irkutskaya kompaniya investiruyet 18 mlrd rubley v tri mestorozhdeniya v Buryatii [Irkutsk company is investing 18 billion rubles in three deposits in Buryatiya]: Baykal-Daily [Moscow, Russia], June 29. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://tass.ru/sibir-news/5336028.) 

• NedraDV.ru, 2023, KAZ Minerals prodala Baimskiy proekt na Chukotke [KAZ Minerals sold Baimskiy project on Chukotka]: Khabarovsk, Russia, NedraDV.ru, July 27. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://nedradv.ru/nedradv/ru/page_news?obj=d914bc8b8305bf75a642943614d….) [In Russian.] 

• NedraDV.ru, 2024, Proizvodstvo il’menitovogo kontsentrata na Kuranakhe vyrastet do 180 tysyach tonn k 2025 godu [Ilmenite concentrate production at the Kuranakh will increase to 180 thousand metric tons by 2025]: Khabarovsk, Russia, NedraDV.ru, August 21. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://nedradv.ru/nedradv/ru/page_news?obj=c412d46cd0cbb086345f58c3b45….) [In Russian.] 

• NedraDV.ru, 2025, 2 mlrd rubley subsidii na Malmyzh poluchilo Amur Minerals [Amur Minerals received a 2-million-rubles subsidy for Malmyzh]: Khabarovsk, Russia, NedraDV.ru, December 16. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://nedradv.ru/nedradv/ru/page_news?obj=05e03e4e91117c944ccc544bcb6….) [In Russian.] 

• NedraDV.ru, 2026, Zashikhinskoye mestorozhdeniye [Zashikhinskoye deposit]: Khabarovsk, Russia, NedraDV.ru. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://nedradv.ru/nedradv/invetsp?obj=345e642bddc6b9e33d15a47e580ad1f7….) [In Russian.] 

• Ogrel’, Lola, 2023, Geliy–eto ne tol’ko pro shariki [Helium is not just about balloons]: Moscow, Russia, Itek.ru, July 31. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://itek.ru/reviews/ekspert-rossiya-stanet-mirovym-liderom-po-proiz….) [In Russian.] 

• Olson, D.W., 2026a, Diamond (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 74–75. 

• Olson, D.W., 2026b, Gemstones: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 86–87. 

• OOO Udokanskaya Med’, 2026, O nas [About us]: Chita, Russia, OOO Udokanskaya Med’. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://udokancopper.com/about/.) [In Russian.] 

• PAO Rusolovo, 2026, Predpriyatiya PAO Rusolovo ustanovili novyi record proizvodstva olova v kontsentrate [Plants of PAO Rusolovo reached a record production level of tin in concentrate]: Moscow, Russia, PAO Rusolovo, January 23. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://rus-olovo.ru/predpriyatiya-pao-rusolovo-ustanovili-novyj-rekord….) [In Russian.] 

• Perechneva, Irina, 2025, Rusal vlozhit polmilliarda v sozdaniye na Urale proizvodstva odnogo iz redkozemel’nyh metallov [Rusal will invest a half-billion in creating production of one of rare earth metals in the Urals]: Yekaterinburg, Russia, expert-ural.com, March 4. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://expert-ural.com/articles/rusal-vlozhit-polmilliarda-v-sozdanie-….) [In Russian.] 

• Polyak, D.E., 2026a, Molybdenum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 130–131. 

• Polyak, D.E., 2026b, Vanadium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 202–203. 

• RG.ru, 2023, Rynok kaolinitovogo syr’ya v Rossii dostig rekordnogo urovnya importonezavisimosti [The market of kaolinitic clays in Russia has achieved a record level of import independence]: Moscow, Russia, RG.ru, November 17. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://rg.ru/2023/11/17/rynok-kaolinitovogo-syria-v-rossii-dostig-reko….) [In Russian.] 

• Rupec.ru, 2024, ES zapretil import geliya iz RF i eksport ryada plastikov [EU banned helium imports and exports of several types of plastic]: Rupec.ru, June 24. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://rupec.ru/news/53508/.) [In Russian.] 

• Russian Government, The, 2026a, Federal Agency for Mineral Resources of the Russian Federation: Moscow, Russia, The Russian Government. (Accessed January 23, 2026, at https://government.ru/en/department/53/.)  

• Russian Government, The, 2026b, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation: Moscow, Russia, The Russian Government. (Accessed January 23, 2026, at https://government.ru/en/department/48/events/.)  

• Saloum, S.H., 2026a, Sulfur: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 182–183. 

• Saloum, S.H., 2026b, Tungsten: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 200–201. 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026a, Arsenic: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 44–45. 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026b, Gallium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 82–83. 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026c, Iodine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 100–101. 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026d, Silicon: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 170–171. 

• Schulte, R.F., 2026, Platinum-group metals: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 144–145. 

• Sheaffer, K.N., 2026, Gold: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 90–91. 

• Shiryayev, D.V. and Stafeeva, Z.V, 2023, Osobennosti obogashcheniya kaolinov mestorozhdeniya Zhuravlinyi Log [Special features of kaolin beneficiation at the Zhuravlinyi Log deposit]: Gornaya promyshlennost’—Yunior [Mining industry—Junior]: Moscow, Russia, #4(14). (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://www.juniorrm.ru/ru/stati/obrazovanie/403-osobennosti-obogashche….) [In Russian.] 

• Simmons, K.J., 2026a, Clays: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 68–69. 

• Simmons, K.J., 2026b, Feldspar and nepheline syenite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 78–79. 

• Simmons, K.J., 2026c, Vermiculite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 204–205. 

• Stewart, A.A., 2026a, Graphite (natural): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 92–93. 

• Stewart, A.A., 2026b, Nickel: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 132–133. 

• Tass.ru, 2023a, S nachala SVO protiv rossiyan i kompaniy iz RF vveli bolee 10 tys. sanktsiy [From the beginning of the special military operation, more than 10 thousand sanctions were introduced against Russian citizens and companies]: Moscow, Russia, Tass.ru, February 25. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://tass.ru/ekonomika/17141285.) [In Russian.] 

• Tass.ru, 2023b, V Orenburzh’ye v 2024 godu planiruyut vvesti v ekspluatatsiyu zavod po obogasheniyu kaolina [In Orenburg Region a new plant for beneficiation of kaolin will be commissioned in 2024]: Moscow, Russia, Tass.ru, July 18. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://tass.ru/ekonomika/18307771.) [In Russian.] 

• Tass.ru, 2024, Zapusk zavoda po proizvodstvu tsinka v Verkhnem Ufalee sdvinuli s 2024 na 2025 god [Commissioning of the zinc plant in Verkhniy Ufaley was postponed from 2024 to 2025]: Moscow, Russia, Tass.ru, September 3. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://tass.ru/ekonomika/21755149.) [In Russian.] 

• Tass.ru, 2025, V EAO do kontsa goda otkroyut predpriyatiye po dobyche grafita [In EAO a graphite mining plant will be opened by the yearend]: Moscow, Russia, Tass.ru, February 4. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://tass.ru/ekonomika/23056087.) [In Russian.] 

• Tolcin, A.C., 2026a, Germanium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 88–89. 

• Tolcin, A.C., 2026b, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 212–213. 

• Tuck, C.C., 2026a, Iron and steel: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 102–103. 

• Tuck, C.C., 2026b, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109. 

• U.S. Department of State, 2024, Ukraine and Russia sanctions: Washington, DC, U.S. Department of State. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.state.gov/ukraine-and-russia-sanctions/.) 

• Vedomosti.ru, 2024, Pravitel’stvo utverdilo novuyu Strategiyu razvitiya mineral’no-syr’evoy bazy [The Government approved a new Strategy for the development of raw materials and minerals]: Moscow, Russia, Vedomosti.ru, July 29. (Accessed March 10, 2026, at https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/news/2024/07/29/1052558-strategiyu-ra….) [In Russian.] 

• World Nuclear Association, 2026, Uranium production by country, 2015–2024: London, United Kingdom, World Nuclear Association, January 20. (Accessed March 5, 2026, at https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-and-figures/uranium….)