Spain

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, Spain was estimated to be the world’s second-ranked producer of strontium, accounting for an estimated 25% of global production; the third-ranked producer of fuller’s earth, accounting for an estimated 16% of global production; and the estimated fifth-ranked producer of gypsum, accounting for an estimated 7% of global production. Alumina, diatomite, feldspar, ferrosilicon, fluorspar, iron oxide pigments, kaolin, lime, magnesite, mica, potash, pumice, salt, industrial sand and gravel, silicon metal, and tungsten were also produced in significant quantities. Other industrial mineral commodities produced included cement, clays, peat, nitrogen (ammonia), soda ash (glauberite and thenardite), stone, and talc. Spain also produced metallic commodities including aluminum, copper, gold, iron, lead, nickel, niobium, silver, steel, tantalum, tin, and zinc (Production table; Crangle, 2026a, b; Goodin, 2026; Hatfield, 2026; Jasinski, 2026a, b; Kim, 2026; Londono, 2026a, b; MacGregor, 2026a, b; Merrill, 2026; Saloum, 2026; Schnebele, 2026; Simmons, 2026a, b). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, Spain’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 3.5%; the nominal GDP was \$1.73 trillion. Spain was the fourth largest economy in the European Union (EU), accounting for 8.9% of the EU’s GDP. In 2024, the value of mining and quarrying production reached $4 billion¹, an increase of 1.6% compared with that in 2023, accounting for 0.23% of the country’s GDP. The leading commodities recovered in the national territory were nonmetallic minerals, including mainly limestone, plaster, and sand and gravel, which totaled 226.3 million metric tons (Mt), a 2.9% increase compared with that in 2023. Mined metallic ores totaled 19.4 Mt, a 16.3% decrease compared with that in 2023 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025; Eurostat, 2026; Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2026a, p. 23; World Bank, The, 2026a, b). 

By yearend 2024, the mining and quarrying sector employed 28,100 people, or 0.1% of total employment, including 5,000 in mining of metallic ores, and 300 in mining support services. In the manufacturing sector, 280,000 people were employed in the production of fabricated metal products (excluding machinery and equipment), 101,575 in the manufacture of nonmetallic mineral products, and 72,250 in the production of base metals (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2026). 
 

Government Policies and Programs  

Mineral exploration in Spain is governed primarily by the Spanish Mining Law 22/1973 of July 21, 1973, and its implementing regulations approved by Royal Decree 2857/1978 of August 25, 1978. Royal Decree-Law 5/2022 introduced measures affecting the development of lithium mineral resources in the autonomous community of Extremadura. In addition, Royal Decree 829/2023 of November 20, 2023, reorganized ministerial departments and established the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, which is responsible for implementing policies associated with the European Union's Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). On May 23, 2024, the CRMA came into force to secure the supply of critical raw materials for the EU market and reduce the EU’s dependency on imports (Diario Oficial de Extremadura, 2022; European Parliament, 2025; Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2014a–c). 

Spain’s 17 autonomous communities may enact additional mining regulations provided they remain consistent with national legislation. Under Spanish law, mineral resources located within the national territory, including those in the territorial sea and continental shelf, are owned by the State. Mineral rights are therefore granted through administrative permits or mining concessions rather than through land ownership. Certain low-value materials, such as aggregates, construction stone, and clays, may be produced by landowners or their lessees under administrative authorization rather than a formal mining concession (Sanz, 2019, p. 2). 

The Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge oversees Government policy related to climate, the environment, and the development of the national energy and mining sectors. The Secretary of State for Energy is responsible for developing energy and mining policy, and the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain studies mineral deposits and oversees mine planning and environmental rehabilitation (Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes de España, 2024; Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 2026; Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2026b). 

Production  

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

 
Structure of the Mineral Industry   

Spain’s mineral industry consisted of private domestic companies and international companies, either investing directly in Spanish companies or operating through local subsidiaries. In 2024, 169 active industrial mineral mines were operating, compared to 172 in 2023, a 1.7% decrease in the number of mines. Following Alcoa Corp.’s of the United States acquisition of Alumina Ltd. in August, the company gained full control of Alumina Española S.A., the country’s only producer of alumina and the operator of the San Ciprian aluminum smelter and casthouse. Orvana Minerals Corp. of Canada operated the El Valle-Boinas and Carles underground gold-copper-silver mines in the Rio Narcea gold belt in the Asturias Province through its wholly owned subsidiary OroValle Minerals S.L. First Quantum Minerals Ltd. of Canada operated the Las Cruces copper mine and refinery in Seville Province through its Spanish subsidiary Cobre Las Cruces S.A. Quimica Del Estroncio S.A., a wholly owned subsidiary of Triton Partners of Luxembourg, operated multiple ammonia and nitric acid plants, as well as the strontium carbonate and nitrate plant in the Escombreras Valley, in Cartagena Province. Glencore plc of Switzerland operated the lead and zinc smelter in Castrillon in the Asturias Province through its wholly owned subsidiary Asturiana de Zinc S.A. The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Facilities table; Alcoa Corp., 2024; Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2026a). 

Mineral Trade  

The total value of Spain’s exports of goods decreased to \$403.7 billion in 2024, compared with \$420.0 billion in 2023. The country’s leading mineral commodity export products, in terms of value, were iron and steel, which accounted for \$7.6 billion; aluminum, \$5.4 billion; ceramic products, \$4.5 billion; pearls, precious stones, metals, and coins, \$4.5 billion; copper, \$4.4 billion; asbestos, cement, mica, stone, or similar materials, \$2.3 billion; miscellaneous articles of base metals, \$1.8 billion; fertilizers, \$1.6 billion; zinc, \$1.3 billion; nickel, \$133.7 million; tin, \$123.8 million; and lead, \$78.0 million. Spain’s leading export partners, by value, were France (which received 15% of Spain’s exports), Germany (10%), Italy and Portugal (8% each), the United Kingdom (6%), and the United States (5%) (Trading Economics, 2026a; World Integrated Trade Solution, 2026).  

The total value of Spain’s imports of goods decreased to \$451.3 billion in 2024, compared with \$469.0 billion in 2023. The country’s leading mineral commodity import products, in terms of value, were iron and steel, \$11.3 billion; iron and steel, \$6.5 billion; aluminum, \$5.2 billion; copper, \$3.5 billion; pearls, precious stones, precious metals, and coins, \$3.3 billion; miscellaneous articles of base metals, \$2.0 billion; fertilizers, \$1.3 billion; asbestos, cement, mica, stone, or similar materials, \$916.2 million; ceramic products, \$786.3 million; nickel, \$405.6 million; lead, \$271.2 million; zinc, \$223.1 million; and tin, \$213.6 million. Spain’s leading import partners, by value, were Germany (which supplied 11% of Spain’s imports), China (10 %), France (9%), Italy and the United States (7% each), and the Netherlands (5%) (Trading Economics, 2026b; World Integrated Trade Solution, 2026). 

Commodity Review 

Alumina and Aluminum.—In 2024, alumina and aluminum were produced almost entirely at the San Ciprian complex operated by Alcoa Corp. Alumina output increased by 12% to an estimated 800,000 metric tons (t) from 716,000 t in 2023. In March, aluminum production resumed at the San Ciprian smelter at approximately 6% of capacity following a 2-year shutdown, resulting in output of 13,680 metric tons per year (t/yr). The smelter was expected to gradually resume production, with full rampup anticipated in the following few years. In August, Alcoa announced its acquisition of Alumina Ltd. of Australia, gaining full ownership of Alumina Española S.A., which operates the San Ciprian complex. In October, Alcoa announced plans to form a strategic partnership with IGNIS EQT, a Spain-based energy company, to support the San Ciprian complex, with Alcoa remaining the operator and IGNIS EQT obtaining a 25% stake (Production table; Latona, 2024; Alcoa Corp., 2024; Alcoa Corp., 2025, p. 10).  

Norsk Hydro ASA of Norway announced plans to construct a new aluminum recycling facility in Torija, Guadalajara Province, with an estimated investment of \$196 million. The plant was expected to produce 120,000 t/yr of recycled aluminum ingots. The ingots produced in Torija would supplement output from Norsk Hydro’s plant in nearby Azuqueca, increasing the combined capacity to 200,000 t/yr. The company was expected to commence operations in 2026 (Toto, 2024; Norsk Hydro ASA, 2025). 

Copper and Tin.—In 2024, Spain produced 103,200 t of mined copper; 235,900 t of primary refined copper; 88,400 t of secondary refined copper; 230,800 t of primary blister copper; and 16,900 t of secondary blister copper. The copper sector in Spain was concentrated in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The largest mining company in Spain was Atalaya Mining plc, and Atlantic Copper, S.L.U. was the leading smelter and refining company, producing copper cathodes from domestic and imported material. International companies were also active: Pan Global Resources Inc. of Canada advanced its Escacena project, including the La Romana deposit, after metallurgical testing showed strong copper recoveries using conventional flotation. Sandfire Resources Ltd. of Australia, through its wholly owned subsidiary Sandfire MATSA, operated the MATSA mining complex, which produced copper, lead, and zinc. First Quantum Minerals Ltd. of Canada, through its wholly owned subsidiary Cobre Las Cruces, S.A., operated the Las Cruces open pit mine and hydrometallurgical processing facility, which had been on care-and-maintenance status since 2023 as underground development options were evaluated. Emerita Resources Corp. of Canada continued to develop new copper deposits, with several exploration projects underway, including the Iberian Belt West project, the Aznalcollar project, and the Nuevo Tintillo project. The Cunext Group planned to construct a recycling facility in Cordoba with a capacity to produce 100,000 t/yr of recycled copper cathode, with the project expected to be completed in early 2026 (Facilities table; Production table; Cadena Ser, 2024; Taylor, 2024; Emerita Resources Corp., 2026; First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 2026; Pan Global Resources Inc., 2026; Sandfire Resource Ltd., 2026). 

Spain did not produce mined tin in 2024 but produced 60 t of secondary smelter tin. Operations at the Penouta tin-tantalum-niobium mine, owned by Strategic Minerals Europe Corp. of Canada, were suspended in October 2023 owing to legal permitting issues. In June 2024, Spain’s High Court granted a provisional operating permit that allowed the company partially reopened Section B of the Penouta Mine, and resume production by reprocessing tailings and waste deposits. Progress took place at Pan Global Resources’ La Romana deposit, where metallurgical testing confirmed that tin could be recovered as a high-grade concentrate alongside copper. Exploration results indicated that tin mineralization is associated with copper sulfide zones, suggesting potential for coproduct recovery in future operations. In June, Australian tin exploration company Elementos Ltd. agreed to acquire up to 50% of Iberian Smelting S.L., the owner and operator of the Robledallano tin smelter. The facility, located near Seville, was permitted to process up to 20,000 t/yr of base-metal concentrates, using secondary tin feedstock (Production table; International Tin Association Ltd., 2024a, b; Pan Global Resources Inc., 2024, p. 1).  

Lithium.—Spain did not produce lithium in 2024; however, several ongoing lithium projects were recognized by the European Commission as strategic projects. Notable exploration projects include the Mina Doade project in Beariz and the Las Navas project in Extremadura. These projects were part of Europe’s plan to ensure that by 2030, 10% of critical minerals were expected to come from domestic sources. Recursos Minerales de Galicia, S.A., a subsidiary of the Spanish Grupo Samca, operated the Mina Doade project, a proposed underground lithium project focused on producing lithium-bearing pegmatite rock along with muscovite and feldspar concentrates. The estimated operational life was expected to be around 42 years, with about 500,000 t/yr of processed ore. The project was expected to begin in 2026, with production targeted around 2028. The Las Navas project, operated by Lithium Iberia S.L., was expected to last 30 years with an average production rate of 1.2 million metric tons per year of ore and 30,000 t/yr of battery-grade lithium hydroxide. The project included an initial open pit phase followed by underground mining. New licenses were granted to exploration companies in Salamanca Province, allowing further studies on lithium and associated minerals. the main target of Energy Transition Minerals Ltd. of Australia’s Villasrubias project was a set of lithium-tantalum-niobium-tin-bearing aplite-pegmatite dykes. Drilling identified lithium mineralization in pegmatite and aplite in most holes at varying grades (Iberian Sustainable Mining Cluster, 2025; Energy Transition Minerals Ltd., 2026; Lithium Iberia, S.L., 2026; Recursos Minerales de Galicia, S.A., 2026).  

Tungsten.—In 2024, Spain produced an estimated 700 t of mined tungsten, a 1.5% decrease compared with 711 t produced in 2023. Eurobattery Minerals AB of Sweden signed a nonbinding letter of intent to invest \$2.7 million in Tungsten San Juan S.L., obtaining 51% ownership. Tungsten San Juan was developing the San Juan tungsten deposit, an open pit production operation based on proven reserves of 60,000 t at 1.3% WO₃. The El Moto tungsten and gold project, owned by Abenojar Tungsten, completed its definitive feasibility study and confirmed grades of 0.44% tungsten equivalent and containing 37,324 kg of gold. Construction was expected to begin in 2025, with initial production planned for 2027 (Production table; European Institute of Innovation and Technology Raw Materials, 2024; Northern Miner Group, The, 2024).   

Outlook  

Spain’s mining industry is positioned for possible growth, driven by domestic production and foreign investment in metals and industrial minerals. The Iberian Pyrite Belt likely will continue to play a central role in the country’s mineral sector, where copper, lead, zinc, and other polymetallic projects support supply chains for European markets. Advanced projects, such as Pan Global Resources’ La Romana and Emerita Resources’ Iberian Belt West projects, indicate strong discovery potential and possible coproduct recovery. Existing operations are expected to maintain steady output, while the Las Cruces operation remained on care-and-maintenance status. Spain is focusing on strengthening domestic processing and recycling infrastructure to reduce reliance on imports and support circular supply chains. Industrial minerals, including quarry products, were expected to remain stable contributors to the economy, as demand for quality aggregates was expected to rise. Overall, the Spanish mining sector is expected to remain stable or possibly experience modest growth, with sustainable processing initiatives intended to meet both domestic and European demands (First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 2026; Pan Global Resources Inc., 2026).   

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited  

• Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2014a, Ley 22/1973, de 21 de julio, de minas [Mine Law 22/1973, of July 21]: Madrid, Spain, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, October 17. (Accessed March 13, 2026, at https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1973-1018.) [In Spanish.] 

• Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2014b, Real decreto 2857/1978, de 25 de agosto, por el que se aprueba el reglamento general para el régimen de la minería [Royal decree 2857/1978, of August 25, which approves the general regulations for the mining regime]: Madrid, Spain, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, October 17. (Accessed March 13, 2026, at https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?lang=en&id=BOE-A-1978-29905&tn=1&p=20….) [In Spanish.] 

• Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2014c, Real decreto 829/2023, de 20 de noviembre, por el que se reestructuran los departamentos ministeriales [Royal decree 829/2023, of November 20, which restructures the ministerial departments]: Madrid, Spain, Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, November 21. (Accessed March 13, 2026, at https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2023-23537.) [In Spanish.] 

• Alcoa Corp., 2024, Alcoa completes acquisition of Alumina Limited: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Alcoa Corp., August 1, 4 p. (Accessed March 17, 2026, at https://s29.q4cdn.com/844074237/files/doc_news/2024/08/08012024-AA-Alum….) 

• Alcoa Corp., 2025, 2024 annual report: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Alcoa Corp., 141 p. (Accessed May 11, 2026, at https://s29.q4cdn.com/945634774/files/doc_financials/2024/ar/2024_Alcoa….) 

• Cadena Ser, 2024, Cunext Copper inicia los movimientos de tierra para instalar su planta de cobre verde en Cordoba [Cunext Copper begins construction to install its green copper plant in Cordoba]: Madrid, Spain, Sociedad Española de Radiodifusión, S.L.U., August 28. (Accessed May 19, 2026, at https://cadenaser.com/andalucia/2024/08/28/cunext-copper-inicia-los-mov….) [In Spanish.] 

• Crangle, Rob, 2026a, Gypsum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 94–95. 

• Crangle, Rob, 2026b, Pumice and pumicite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 148–149. 

• Diario Oficial de Extremadura, 2022, Decreto-ley 5/2022, de 31 de agosto, por el que se establecen medidas urgentes necesarias en la regulación del aprovechamiento de recursos 

•   minerales de litio en Extremadura [Decree-law 5/2022, of August 31, establishing urgent measures necessary for the regulation of the utilization of lithium mineral resources in Extremadura]: Merida, Spain, Junta de Extremadura, September 1. (Accessed May 19, 2026, at https://doe.juntaex.es/pdfs/doe/2022/1690o/22DE0006.pdf.) [In Spanish.] 

• European Institute of Innovation and Technology Raw Materials, 2024, El Moto’s tungsten project targets 2025 construction: Berlin, Germany, European Institute of Innovation and Technology Raw Materials, December 13. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://eitrawmaterials.eu/press-releases/el-motos-tungsten-project-tar….) 

• Emerita Resources Corp., 2026, About us: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Emerita Resources Corp. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://www.emeritaresources.com/corporate/about-us/.) 

• Energy Transition Minerals Ltd., 2026, Villasrubias project: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Energy Transition Minerals Ltd. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://etransmin.com/villasrubias-project/.) 

• European Parliament, 2025, Implementing the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act: Strasbourg, France, European Parliament, 13 p. (Accessed May 11, 2026, at https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/766253/EPRS_BRI….) 

• Eurostat, 2026, Gross domestic products at market prices: Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, Eurostat, January 13. (Accessed March 16, 2026, at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tec00001/default/table?l…;

• First Quantum Minerals Ltd., 2026, Cobre Las Cruces: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, First Quantum Minerals Ltd. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://www.first-quantum.com/operations/cobre-las-cruces/.) 

• Goodin, R.C., 2026, Sand and gravel (industrial): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 164–165. 

• Hatfield, A.K., 2026, Strontium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 180–181. 

• Iberian Sustainable Mining Cluster, 2025, European Commission grants strategic project status to seven mining initiatives in Spain: Leon, Spain, Iberian Sustainable Mining Cluster, March 26. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://ismc-iberiamine.com/en/2025/03/26/european-commission-grants-st….) 

• Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2025, Environmental accounts. Material flow accounts: Madrid, Spain, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, November 13. (Accessed March 17, 2026, at https://www.ine.es/dyngs/Prensa/en/CFM2024.htm.) 

• Instituto Nacional de Estadística, 2026, Employed persons by sex and branch of activity. Absolute values and percentages with respect to the total of each sex: Madrid, Spain, Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Accessed March 16, 2026, via https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=65123.) 

• Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 2026, Unidad de informes [Reporting unit]: Madrid, 

• Spain, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España [Geological and Mining Institute of Spain]. (Accessed March 17, 2026, at https://www.igme.es/departamento/unidad-informes/.) [In Spanish.] 

• International Tin Association Ltd., 2024a, Suspended Penouta Mine to partially reopen: St. Albans, United Kingdom, International Tin Association Ltd., May 1. (Accessed March 20, 2026, at https://www.internationaltin.org/suspended-penouta-mine-to-partially-re….) 

• International Tin Association Ltd., 2024b, Elementos to acquire interest in Spanish smelter: St. Albans, United Kingdom, International Tin Association Ltd., June 13. (Accessed March 20, 2026, at https://www.internationaltin.org/elementos-to-acquire-interest-in-spani….) 

• Jasinski, S.M., 2026a, Mica (natural): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 128–129. 

• Jasinski, S.M ., 2026b, Potash: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 146–147. 

• Kim, Ji-Eun, 2026, Iron oxide pigments: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 110–111. 

• Latona, David, 2024, Alcoa, Ignis close to signing joint funding deal for Spain aluminum plant: Toronto, Canada, Thomson Reuters Corporation, October 16. (Accessed March 19, 2026, at https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/alcoa-ignis-close-signing-joint-f….) 

• Lithium Iberia, S.L., 2026, The project: Canaveral, Spain, Lithium Iberia, S.L. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://lithiumiberia.com/en/the-project/.) 

• Londono, Vanessa, 2026a, Fluorspar: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 80–81. 

• Londono, Vanessa, 2026b, Magnesium compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 120–121. 

• MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026a, Lime: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 116–117. 

• MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026b, Salt: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 160–161. 

• Merrill, A.M., 2026, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 50–51. 

• Northern Mining Group, The, 2024, Eurobattery Minerals to acquire majority stake in Spanish tungsten miner: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, The Northern Miner Group, May 8. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://www.mining.com/eurobattery-minerals-to-acquire-majority-stake-i….) 

• Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes de España, 2024, Real Decreto 503/2024, de 21 de mayo, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, y se modifica el Real Decreto 1009/2023, de 5 de diciembre, por el que se establece la estructura orgánica básica de los departamentos ministeriales [Royal Decree 503/2024, of May 21, which develops the basic organic structure of the Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, and modifies Royal Decree 1009/2023, of December 5, which establishes the basic organic structure of the ministerial departments]: Madrid, Spain, Ministerio de la Presidencia, Justicia y Relaciones con las Cortes de España [Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Parliament], May 21. (Accessed March 17, 2026, at https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2024/05/21/503.) [In Spanish.]  

• Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2026a, Estadistica minera 2024 [Mining statistics 2024]: Madrid, Spain, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico [Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge], 464 p. (Accessed May 11, 2026, at https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/energia/files-1/mineria….) [In Spanish.] 

• Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2026b, Funciones [Functions]: Madrid, Spain, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico [Ministry for Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge]. (Accessed March 17, 2026, at https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/ministerio/organizacion/funciones.html.) [In Spanish.] 

• Norsk Hydro ASA, 2025, Hydro starts construction of flagship aluminum recycling plant at Torija, Spain: Oslo, Norway, Norsk Hydro ASA, March 18. (Accessed on May 12, 2026, at https://www.hydro.com/en/global/media/news/2025/hydro-starts-constructi….) 

• Pan Global Resources Inc., 2024, Pan Global reports positive copper metallurgy results for the La Romana copper-tin-silver discovery, Spain: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Pan Global Resources Inc., March 21, 6 p. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/63e904921eb4adc55bebeffb/65fb6975170….) 

• Pan Global Resources Inc., 2026, Escacena project: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Pan Global Resources Inc. (Accessed on May 11, 2026, at https://www.panglobalresources.com/escacena-project.) 

• Recursos Minerales de Galicia, S.A., 2026, Lithium mine in Doade: Beariz, Spain, Recursos Minerales de Galicia, S.A. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://minadoade.gal/en/the-mine/.)   

• Sanz, C.M., 2019, MINLEX–Spain country report: Brussels, Belgium, European Commission, 96 p. (Accessed March 13, 2026, at https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/legislation/MINLEX_CountryReport_….)  

• Saloum, S.H., 2026, Tungsten: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 200–201. 

• Sandfire Resources Ltd., 2026, MATSA operations: West Perth, Western Australia, Australia, Sandfire Resources Ltd. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://www.sandfire.com.au/where-we-operate/matsa/.) 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026, Silicon: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 170–171. 

• Simmons, K.J., 2026a, Clays: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 68–69. 

• Simmons, K.J., 2026b, Feldspar and nepheline syenite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 78–79. 

• Taylor, Brian, 2024, Cunext plans secondary copper facility in Spain: Independence, Ohio, Recycling Today, February 6. (Accessed on March 20, 2026, at https://www.recyclingtoday.com/news/cunext-spain-copper-recycling-catho….) 

• Toto, Deanne, 2024, Hydro to construct aluminum recycling plant in Spain: Independence, Ohio, Recycling Today, February 1. (Accessed on March 19, 2026, at https://www.recyclingtoday.com/news/hydro-to-construct-aluminum-recycli….) 

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