Ukraine

In 2024, Ukraine’s mineral industry faced many challenges such as shortages and high cost of electricity, shortages of labor power, and production uncertainties owing to military operations in the country. Some commodities, such as alumina, gallium, germanium, magnesium metal, mined manganese, and titanium sponge were not produced at all and production of ferroalloys decreased by more than 50% compared with production in 2023. At the same time, production of iron ore, raw steel and steel products, and titanium ores increased compared with production in 2023, partially owing to the opening of maritime exports route in the beginning of the year. Production of graphite stopped at the end of 2024 at an established mine because of high operating costs, yet a new larger graphite project was in development. 

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, Ukraine was among the world’s leading producers of several minerals despite the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict that began in February 2022. Ukraine was the 5th-ranked producer of bromine (2.5%, excluding the United States); the 6th-ranked producer of rutile (0.1%, tied with Mozambique); the 9th-ranked producer of ilmenite (3.1%) and iron ore (2.1%); and the 11th-ranked producer of peat (2.5%). Ukraine was also a significant world producer of graphite and lime. The country had large coal and uranium resources but depended on imported petroleum and natural gas (Brioche, 2026; Ewing, 2026; MacGregor, 2026; Schnebele, 2026; Stewart, 2026; Tuck, 2026). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, Ukraine’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 2.9% compared with a 5.5% increase in 2023.¹ The nominal GDP in 2024 totaled \$189.8 billion.² Manufacturing activities accounted for 8.4% of GDP, and mining and quarrying, for 4.0%. Compared with 2023, real value added in manufacturing increased by 6.0% and the real value added in mining and quarrying increased by 3.6% (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2024; 2025c, e). 

Total sold industrial products in 2024 was 5.29 trillion hryvnias (about \$131.1 billion), which was a 4.6% increase compared with that in 2023. Mining and quarrying constituted 413.4 billion hryvnias (about \$10.2 billion), or 7.8% of industrial production. The State Statistics Committee of Ukraine reported that in 2024, the share of manufacturing in industrial production was 55.4%; that of metallurgical production was 8.9% and that of chemicals and chemical products, 2.1%. Manufacturing production increased by 6.7%, including a 4.3% decrease in manufacturing of chemicals and chemical products and a 23.3% increase in metallurgical production, of which manufacturing of base metals increased by 19.3% and that of fabricated metal products excluding machinery and equipment, by 32.3%. Mining and quarrying production increased by 3.5%, including a 11.7% decrease in mining of coal, a 0.9% increase in the production of crude petroleum and natural gas, a 23.0% increase in mining of metal ores, and a 20.6% increase in other mining and quarrying (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2025d, p. 123–124, 126, 128). 

Government Policies and Programs 

On December 18, Ukraine’s Parliament approved a renewed state program for development of mineral resources of Ukraine through 2030 (Bill No. 6227). The program was developed as a continuation of the previous program through 2010. The key priorities of the new program are the environment, transparency, and attraction of investment in development of strategic minerals. The new program significantly reduced Government funding for the mineral industry from 26.1 billion hryvnias to 3.57 billion hryvnias (about \$650 million to \$88 million), and for the period 2025–30, 1.55 billion hryvnias (about \$38 million). Specific minerals mentioned in the program as perspective for exploration and development were antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cesium, gallium, indium, magnesium, strontium, tellurium, and vanadium (Man’ko, 2024; Prisyazhnaya, 2024; Volokita, 2024). 

Bill No. 6227 was one of the key requirements of the European Union’s Critical Raw Materials Act of 2024. In addition to the changes in the Ukraine’s state program for development of mineral resources, the Bill No. 6227 assumed changes in the Ukraine’s Law on Subsoil and specifically defines how specific minerals should be classified as critical or strategic; defined minerals needed for defense production; redefined the list of Ukraine’s partner countries in the areas of critical and strategic minerals; declared stimulation of economic growth through modern technologies and integration into global supply chains of critical minerals; and required Ukraine’s switch to an internationally recognized system of resources and reserves from the old Soviet-style system. The Bill 6227 was considered an important step towards European standards in the area of subsoil use and was expected to increase Ukraine’s mining sector’s competitiveness and open new opportunities for foreign investment (Man’ko, 2024; Prisyazhnaya, 2024; Volokita, 2024). 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1).  

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

Ukraine’s major law regulating mining in the country is the Law on Subsoil of 1994. The goal of the law is to protect the rights and interests of enterprises, institutions, organizations, and citizens and to ensure the safety of people, property, and the environment during the use of subsoil (Urst.com.ua, 2025). 

The State Service of Geology and Mineral Resources of Ukraine (GosGeoNadra) was responsible for implementing Government policy for geologic exploration and rational use of the subsoil, issuing exploration and production licenses for all mineral resources, monitoring companies’ performance, and establishing production sharing agreements. The Ministry of Energy was responsible for the formation and implementation of Government policy regarding the nuclear industry and production of other mineral fuels. Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Ministry of Energy of Ukraine, 2025; State Service of Geology and Mineral Resources of Ukraine, 2025). 

Mineral Trade 

The total value of Ukraine’s exports of goods increased by 11.0% to \$41.7 billion in 2024. One of Ukraine’s leading export categories, in terms of value, was base metals and products made thereof, and in 2024, these were valued at \$4.5 billion and made up 10.7% of the total value of all exports of goods. Of this amount, exports of ferrous metals totaled \$3.1 billion, or 7.4% of the total exports of goods; ferrous metal products, \$947 million (2.3% of the total value of exports of goods); aluminum and aluminum products, \$125 million (0.3%); and copper and copper products, \$88 million (0.2%). Exports of mineral products were valued at \$3.4 billion and made up 8.2% of the total value of exports of goods, of which ores, slag, and ashes totaled \$2.9 billion (7.0% of the total value of exports of goods); exports of salt, soil, stones, and sulfur totaled \$290 million (0.7%); and exports of mineral fuels and petroleum products totaled \$201 million (0.5%). Together, the value of exports of mineral products and metals made up 18.9% of the total value of the exports of goods. The main export partners for Ukraine in goods trade, by value, were Poland (which received 11.3% of Ukraine’s exported goods), Spain (6.9%), Germany (6.8%), China (5.7%), Turkey (5.3%), the Netherlands (4.8%), Romania (4.2%), Egypt (3.9%), Hungary (2.8%), and Bulgaria (2.7%) (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2025a, b).  

The total value of Ukraine’s imports of goods increased by 11.0% to \$70.8 billion in 2024. Mineral products accounted for 13.0% of the total value of imports of goods in 2024, and base metals and products made thereof accounted for 5.5%. One of the leading imported commodities was mineral fuels and refined petroleum products, which made up about 12.6% of total imports. The main export partners for Ukraine in goods trade, by value, were Poland (which shipped 9.9% of Ukraine’s imported goods), China (8.7%), Germany (7.6%), Turkey (6.0%), and the United States (4.9%) (State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2025a, b).  

Commodity Review 

Ferroalloys.—In 2024, production of ferroalloys in Ukraine decreased by 56.5% to 108,150 metric tons (t) owing to major producing plants not being in operation during the first half of the year. The leading ferroalloy produced in Ukraine was ferrosilicomanganese, and its production in 2024 decreased by 55% to 104,150 t. Prior to the conflict with Russia, the three ferroalloy plants operating in Ukraine were the Nikopol’skiy ferroalloys plant (NZF), the Pobuzhskiy ferronickel plant (PFK), and the Zaporozhskiy ferroalloys plant (ZZF). The PFK stopped operations in 2022 because of the damaged power grid and did not resume operations since then. In October–November 2023, the NZF and the ZZF stopped operations owing to problems both with interruptions with supply and increasing cost of electricity. Consequently, during the first half of 2024, ferroalloys production was minimal. In May 2024, the ZZF resumed production but only at two of its furnaces with combined capacity of 7% of the total plant capacity. In the end of June, the NZF also resumed operations. Overall, in 2024, the ZZF increased ferroalloys production by 35.2% compared with that in 2023 to 26,800 t and increased ferrosilicomanganese production to 23,100 t compared with 3,870 t in 2023. The NZF decreased production of ferroalloys by 58% to 81,350 t, including a decrease of ferrosilicomanganese production by 56.3% to 81,070 t (Facilities table; Production table; Interfax-Ukraine, 2025; Kolisnichenko, 2025d).  

In 2024, ferroalloys exports from Ukraine decreased by 77.5% compared with 2023 exports to 77,320 t. The leading recipients of Ukraine’s ferroalloys were Turkey, which received 45,690 t of Ukraine’s ferroalloys, Poland (20,940 t), and Italy (16,960 t). In 2024, Ukraine had preferential trade regime with the European Union that beneficially affected trade. At the same time, high energy costs, shortage of workers, and logistical problems related to exports shipments through the ports in and around the city of Odesa and on the Danube River contributed to disadvantages to exporting Ukraine’s ferroalloys (Kolisnichenko, 2025d; Open’ko, 2025). 

Graphite.—In 2024, Ukraine’s graphite production decreased by 46% to 900 t. The only graphite producer in Ukraine was Zavalievskiy Graphite Complex, a 70% stake of which was acquired by the graphite and gold explorer Volt Resources Ltd. of Australia in 2021. Zavalievskiy Graphite operated an open pit mine and had the capacity to produce 20,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of crystalline flake graphite and exported its output to countries in Europe and Asia. In December 2024, the company stopped operations citing high electricity cost, complicated logistics, and falling graphite prices on international markets. In addition, outdated infrastructure would require large investments that in the short term would only make products less competitive. During January–November of 2024, Ukraine exported 2,870 t of graphite (Facilities table; Production table; Kolisnichenko, 2024). 

In 2024, BGV Graphite, which was a subsidiary of BGV Group Management, continued to work on development of the Balakhivka graphite deposit in Kirovohrad Oblast. The company obtained a special license for the Balakhivka deposit as a result of GosGeoNadra auction in 2018. According to GosGeoNadra records, the deposit had resources of 1.3 Mt of graphite, assessed using Soviet-style methodology. The company planned to construct a new production complex with capacity to produce 50,000 t/yr of graphite concentrate and 19,000 t/yr of spherical graphite for production of lithium-ion batteries. The project cost was estimated at \$400 million, of which 120 million was earmarked for construction of the mining complex, and the rest was planned to be used for building a plant for purification and spherization of graphite. It was reported that the company completed lab-scale and semi-industrial testing of its graphite purification technology. The company planned to produce graphite concentrate with 97% carbon content, which was above the 95% industry standard. Construction of the plant was expected to begin in the first quarter of 2026 (Goydenko, 2025; Pikalo, 2025). 

Iron and Steel.—In 2024, pig iron production in Ukraine increased by 18.1% to 7.1 million metric tons (Mt) compared with production in 2023 and raw steel production, by 21.6% to 7.6 Mt. Steel pipe production increased by 16.4% to 780,000 t, and rolled steel, by 15.9% to 6.2 Mt. The increase in production in 2024 compared with that in 2023 was owing to opening of maritime exports in the beginning of the year that allowed to export steel output to distant markets. However, production was much lower than before the conflict; for example, in 2021 Ukraine produced 21.4 Mt of raw steel. The significant decrease in production compared with that in 2021 was largely due to a lack of production at the destroyed Mariupol plants (Production table; Kolisnichenko, 2025b; Pikalo and Tarasovskiy, 2025).  

Iron Ore.—In 2024, Ukraine produced an estimated 40.0 Mt of usable iron ore, which was a 38.9% increase compared with that in 2023. About 70% of the iron ore production facilities in Ukraine were owned by Metinvest B.V. Among the major production facilities owned by Metinvest were the ChAO Inguletskiy mining and beneficiation complex (GOK), the ChAO Severnyi GOK, and the PAO Yuzhnyi GOK. All three produced iron ore concentrates with Fe content between 64.8% and 70.5%, and iron ore pellets with a Fe content between 62% and 67.5%. Ferrexpo plc. was another significant producer of iron ore and owned the Poltavskiy GOK. Despite increased production, iron ore producers faced financial problems that included increased energy costs, increased taxes, and increased transportation costs (including seaport costs). Coupled with problems with finding labor power since about 15-20% of miners are mobilized in the military, these problems reduced competitiveness of Ukraine’s iron ore production and could lead to production stoppage. The Inguletskiy GOK was not in operation since the summer of 2024, and the Yuzhnyi GOK was on the brink of stoppage because of the tax dispute with the Government (Facilities table; Production table; Kolisnichenko, 2025a, c). 

In 2024, Ukraine’s iron-ore-producing companies increased exports of iron ore by 89.9% to 33.7 Mt compared with that in 2023. The exports increased primarily because of the opening of the maritime transportation corridor in August 2023. Over the course of 2024, exports remained stable at about 9 Mt of iron ore per quarter except for the third quarter when exports decreased to about 7 Mt. The third quarter dip in exports was due to a slowdown in the economy of China, which was the primary importer of Ukraine’s iron ore. During 2024, the country exported 15.09 Mt to China, 5.09 Mt to Poland, and 4.97 Mt to Slovakia. Total revenue from iron ore exports amounted to \$2.8 billion, which was a 58.7% increase compared with the revenue in 2023 (Kolisnichenko, 2025c). 

Peat.—In 2024, Ukraine produced an estimated 450,000 t of peat, of which 400,000 t was used as fuel and 50,000 t was used for horticultural purposes. The leading peat producers were state-owned companies GP Volyntorf, which had capacity to produce about 100,000 t/yr of peat, GP Rivnetorf (about 80, 000 t/yr), and GP Chernihivtorf (about 50,000 t/yr). Overall, production took place at between 40 and 50 peat deposits by open pit method. Historically, state-owned enterprises dominated the industry but, starting in 2023, several producers were privatized. Most peat in Ukraine was produced for domestic consumption (Facilities table; Production table; Karpovich, 2026). 

Ukraine’s peat resources were estimated at 1.85 billion metric tons spread around about 1,560 deposits, which geographically were concentrated in the western part of the country. The Volyn Oblast had resources estimated at 154 Mt of peat in more than 300 deposits and the Lviv Oblast had resources of 146 Mt in about 200 deposits. Other regions with large peat resources were the Rivne Oblast (129 Mt in about 250 deposits), the Kyiv Oblast (77 Mt in 150 deposits), and the Chernihiv Oblast (75Mt in 180 deposits) (Karpovich, 2026).  

Titanium.— In 2024, Ukraine increased production of ilmenite and leucoxene concentrates by 91% to an estimated 286,000 t (TiO₂ content). At the same time, according to Ukraine’s Customs Service, Ukraine’s exports of titanium ores decreased by 37.5% to 7,284 t, and export revenue decreased by 40.0% to \$11.7 million. Most titanium was exported to Turkey (62.8% in terms of value), followed by Egypt (7.4%) and Poland (7.0%). Some experts disagreed with these export figures and suspected that the reported exports are likely lower than the actual exports. In response to the question asked by the Interfax-Ukraine news agency, the Ukraine’s Customs Service responded that the exports of commodities intended for dual use (that is the commodities that can be used for military purposes), are aggregated in the category “Other commodities” and may not be reflected in the exports of titanium ores. Based on other sources, exports of titanium ores in 2024 totaled 281,000 t (Production table; Ukrrudprom, 2024; Open4business.com.ua, 2025; Trade Data Monitor, 2026). 

As of the beginning of 2024, titanium ore in Ukraine was mined by the AO United Mining and Chemical Co. (OGKhK) that managed the Vil’nohirskiy GOK in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and the Irshanskiy GOK in Zhytomyr Oblast, both of which had been nationalized. Other producers of mined titanium included OOO Mezhirechenskiy GOK and OOO Valki-Il’menit, both of which are located in Zhytomyr Oblast, and OOO PFK Velta (Velta) that operated the Birzulovskoye Mine in Kirovohrad Oblast.  In July 2024, the Irshanskiy GOK restarted production and planned to produce 12,000 metric tons per month of ilmenite concentrate (Facilities table; Artemchuk, 2024; Open4business.com.ua, 2025). 

In October 2024, the Government approved privatization of OGKhK through an auction. The only bidder was OOO Cemin Ukraine, a subsidiary of NEQSOL of Azerbaijan. The starting price was 2.5 billion hryvnias, and Cemin Ukraine offered 3.94 billion hryvnias (about \$97.6 million). Other potential bidders stated that OGKhK titanium resources were largely depleted, and the further development would require large investment. According to the auction rules, the bidder agreed to invest at least 400 million hryvnias (about \$9.9 million) (Artemchuk, 2024; Eadaily.com, 2024; Bukatyuk, 2025; Inventure.com.ua, 2025). 

In 2024, Velta produced 97,000 t of ilmenite concentrate, which was about 60% of the planned production. According to the company, the plant had the capacity to produce about 160,000 t of ilmenite concentrate but it did not want to sign contracts for the 160,000 t because of the unstable situation with electricity supply. During 2024, on average, the company received only about 50% of the energy supply needed for its production. The company worked on developing its own energy supply, but it required high investment, up to \$10 million. Also, in 2022 Velta decided not to build a titanium-processing plant in Ukraine (Kryoka, 2025). 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited 

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• Brioche, A.S., 2026, Peat: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 138–139. 

• Bukatyuk, Ulyana, 2025, Zapasy titana pozvolyayut Ukraine stat’ igrokom mirovogo klassa—Timofeev [Titanium reserves allow Ukraine becoming a world class player—Timofeev]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Forbes, February 19. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://forbes.ua/ru/news/zapasi-titanu-dozvolyayut-ukraini-stati-gravt….) [In Russian.] 

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• Ewing, S.M., 2026, Titanium mineral concentrates: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 198–199. 

• Goydenko, Tatyana, 2025, Gosgeonedr rasshirila granitsy dobychi grafita na Balakhovskom mestorozhdenii [Gosgeonedra expanded the borders of graphite production at the Balakhovskoye deposit]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Delo, March 7. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://delo.ua/ru/news/gosgeonedr-rassirila-granicy-dobyci-grafita-na-….) [In Russian.] 

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• Inventure.com.ua, 2025, Neqsol Holding investiruet bolee 400 mln grn v OGKhK i zapustit glubokuyu pererabotku titana v Ukraine [Neqsol Holding will invest more than 400 million hryvnias and will begin deep titanium processing in Ukraine: Kyiv, Ukraine, Inventure.com.ua, December 7. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://inventure.com.ua/news/ukraine/neqsol-holding-investiruet-bolee-….) [In Russian.] 

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• Kolisnichenko, Vadim, 2025a, Gornodobyvayushaya promyshlennost’ Ukrainy: resul’taty 2024go i perspektivy v 2025m [Ukraine’s mining industry—Results of 2024 and outlook for 2025]: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, May 20. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://gmk.center/infographic/gornodobyvajushhaya-promyshlennost-ukrai….) [In Russian.] 

• Kolisnichenko, Vadim, 2025b, Metallurgi Ukrainy v 2024 godu proizveli 7,6 mln t stali [Ukraine’s metallurgists in 2024 produced 7.6 million metric tons of steel]: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, January 13. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://gmk.center/news/metallurgi-ukrainy-v-2024-godu-proizveli-7-6-ml….) [In Russian.] 

• Kolisnichenko, Vadim, 2025c, Ukraina po itogam 2024 goda eksportirovala 33,7 mln t zheleznoy rudy [In 2024 Ukraine exported 33.7 million metric tons of iron ore]: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, January 10. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://gmk.center/news/ukraina-po-itogam-2024-goda-eksportirovala-33-7….) [In Russian.] 

• Kolisnichenko, Vadim, 2025d, Ukraina v 2024 godu sokratila proizvodstvo ferrosplavov na 49% g./g. [In 2024, Ukraine reduced ferroalloys production by 49% y/y]: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, January 31. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://gmk.center/news/ukraina-v-2024-godu-sokratila-proizvodstvo-ferr….) [In Russian.] 

• Kryoka, Stepan, 2025, V 2024 godu Velta proizvela 97 tys. tonn il’menitovogo kotsentrata [In 2024, Velta produced 97,000 metric tons of ilmenite concentrate]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Delo, February 10. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://delo.ua/ru/news/v-2024-godu-velta-proizvela-97-tys-tonn-ilmenitovogo-koncentrata-441496/.) [In Russian.] 

• MacGregor, JohnRyan, 2026, Lime: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 116–117. 

• Man’ko, Svetlana, 2024, Poleznyye iskopayemyye otdadut inostrantsam? Rada prinyala programmu razvitiya mineral’no syr’yevoy bazy [Minerals will be given to foreigners? Rada approved a program for development of mineral resources]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Delo, December 18. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://delo.ua/ru/news/poleznye-iskopaemye-otdadut-inostrancam-rada-pr….) [In Russian.] 

• Ministry of Energy of Ukraine, 2025, Home page: Kyiv, Ukraine, Ministry of Energy of Ukraine. (Accessed December 15, 2025, at https://www.mev.gov.ua/en.) 

• Open’ko, Olga, 2025, Proizvodstvo na ferrosplavnyh predpriyatiyah v 2024 godu umen’shilos’ vdvoye: skol’ko produktsii izgotovili [At ferroalloy plants, production in 2024 decreased by half—How much output was produced]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Delo, February 11. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://delo.ua/ru/news/proizvodstvo-na-ferrosplavnyx-predpriyatiyax-v-….) [In Russian.] 

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• Pikalo, Aleksandr, and Yuriy, Tarasovskiy, 2025, Ukraina uvelichila proizvodstvo stali v 2024 godu na 22% [Ukraine increased steel production in 2024 by 22%]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Forbes, January 9. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://forbes.ua/ru/news/ukraina-zbilshila-virobnitstvo-stali-u-2024-r….) [In Russian.] 

• Pikalo, Aleksandr, 2025, BGV Group Butkevicha testiruet ukrainskiy grafit dlya proizvodstva litiy-ionnyh batarey [Butkevich’s BGV Group is testing Ukraine’s graphite for production of lithium-ion batteries]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Forbes, January 29. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://forbes.ua/ru/news/bgv-group-butkevicha-testue-ukrainskiy-grafit….) [In Russian.] 

• Prisyazhnaya, Lyudmila, 2024, Rada prinyala novuyu programmu razvitiya mineral’no-syr’evoy bazy [Rada approved a new program for development of mineral resources]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Ligazakon, December 19. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://biz.ligazakon.net/ru/news/232766_rada-prinyala-novuyu-programmu….) [In Russian.] 

• Schnebele, E.K., 2026, Bromine: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 58–59. 

• State Service of Geology and Mineral Resources of Ukraine, 2025, Home page: Kyiv, Ukraine, State Service of Geology and Mineral Resources of Ukraine. (Accessed December 15, 2025, at https://www.geo.gov.ua/.) 

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• State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2025c, Gross domestic product, 2024: Kyiv, Ukraine, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, March 31. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2022/vvp/vvp_kv/vvpf_24_ue.xlsx https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/.) 

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• Stewart, A.A., 2026, Graphite (natural): U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 92–93. 

• Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2025, Trade Data Monitor: Geneva, Switzerland, Trade Data Monitor database. (Accessed March 14, 2026, via https://tradedatamonitor.com/ 

• Tuck, C.C., 2026, Iron ore: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 108–109. 

• Ukrrudprom, 2024, Eksport titanovykh rud Ukrainy snizilsya na 44% [Exports of titanium ores from Ukraine decreased by 44%]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Ukrrudprom, November 12. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://ukrrudprom.com/news/Eksport_titanovih_rud_Ukraini_snizilsya_na_….) [In Russian.] 

• Urst.com.ua, 2025, Kodeks Ukraini pro nadra [On subsoil code]: Urst.com.ua. (Accessed February 24, 2025, at https://urst.com.ua/act/pro_nadra). [In Ukrainian.] 

• Volokita, Viktor, 2024, Rada prinyala novuyu programmu razvitiya mineral’no-syr’evoy bazy: chto izmenilos’ [Rada approved a new program for development of mineral resources—What changed]: Kyiv, Ukraine, Ekonomicheskaya Pravda, December 18. (Accessed February 5, 2026, at https://epravda.com.ua/rus/power/rada-prinyala-programmu-razvitiya-mine….) [In Russian.]