Uzbekistan

In 2024, Navoi GMK produced 96 t of gold, received \$7.4 billion in revenue, and received net profits of \$2.1 billion. The company’s contribution to Uzbekistan’s budget was 19%. Almalyk GMK was in the process of constructing two new ore-processing plants (Plants #3 and #4), with a total cost of \$7.3 billion and combined design capacity of 300,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of copper. Uzbekistan was also in the process of creating several copper clusters (groups of colocated enterprises) intended to increase domestic copper processing. In June 2024, SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak began construction of a pelletizing plant at the country’s largest iron ore deposit, Tebinbulak, in the Qaraqalpaqstan Autonomous Republic. The pelletizing plant would be a part of a full cycle of steel production that would include: an open pit mine with an annual capacity of 58 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of titaniferous-magnetite ore; the pelletizing plant; a beneficiation plant with an annual capacity of 5 Mt/yr of iron ore concentrate using modern beneficiation technology to produce a concentrate with an average iron content of 67%, making the deposit economically viable and sustainable; and a direct-reduced-iron (DRI) plant with an annual capacity of 3.6 Mt/yr of DRI pellets. In 2024, Uzbekistan increased cement production by 34% to about 16 million metric tons (Mt). The construction sector has been expanding rapidly and, in the first half of 2024, increased by 10% to \$6.2 billion. The share of construction sector in GDP reached 6%, and the domestic demand for cement and other construction materials has been steadily increasing.  

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, Uzbekistan was the 3d-ranked producer of kaolin in the world (accounting for 11.0% of world production); the 5th-ranked producer of rhenium (9.3%) and uranium (6.6%); the 6th-ranked producer of tellurium (not including United States production, 1.8%); the 8th-ranked producer of indium (0.1%); the 9th-ranked producer of gold (3.9%); and the 10th-ranked producer of molybdenum (0.8%). In addition, Uzbekistan was one of the leading producers of cadmium, gypsum, nitrogen (N content of ammonia), phosphate rock, selenium, and vermiculite. Other valuable minerals produced included copper, lead, silver, and zinc. Many other mineral commodities had been identified in Uzbekistan but had not been mined. In the past several years, however, the country made concerted efforts to increase its mineral production, including through the expansion of copper and gold production facilities, construction of new phosphate and potash plants, and development of shale oil and gas condensate deposits. Owing to the brevity of this chapter, production of many mineral commodities is not covered in detail here. For more information, see previous editions of the U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook, volume III, Area Reports—International—Europe and Central Eurasia at https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/europ… (Production table; U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2025; Brioche, 2026; Callaghan, 2026; Crangle, 2026a, b; Flanagan, 2026a, b; Jasinski, 2026; Polyak, 2026a, b; Sheaffer, 2026; Simmons, 2026a, b; World Nuclear Association, 2026). 

Minerals in the National Economy 

In 2024, Uzbekistan’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.5% compared with a 6.3% increase (revised) in 2023; the nominal GDP was \$115.0 billion (1.45 trillion soums)¹. During the year, the share of industrial production in GDP was 26.4%, which was an increase from 25.3% in 2023, and the contribution of industrial production to GDP growth was 1.7 percentage points. The share of mining and quarrying in the contribution of industrial production to GDP was 12.2% (12.6% in 2023, revised), and that of manufacturing, 80.3% (80.6% in 2023, revised). In 2024, total nominal industrial production was about \$70.0 billion (885.8 trillion soums), which constituted a 6.8% increase compared with that in 2023. Of the total, manufacturing production accounted for 85.1% and mining and quarrying, for 7.6%. Compared with 2023, manufacturing output volume in constant prices increased by 7.7%, whereas mining and quarrying output volume increased by 1.9% (Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025b, p. 54, 58, 60; c, p. 9, 11, 13–15). 

Government Policies and Programs 

On October 31, the President signed into law a new Law on Subsoil, which would replace the previous Law on Subsoil that was in effect since 2002. The new Law was to go into effect in February 2025. It continues to stipulate that all subsoil resources of the country are the property of the State and therefore cannot be sold, given away, or inherited. At the same time, the State can allow companies and individuals to conduct exploration and production activities in accordance with specified procedures. The new Law simplifies the process for obtaining subsoil-use licenses by implementing the “single window” principle, which means that a company can obtain exploration and mining licenses through one agency rather than multiple agencies Also, the companies now can sell, transfer, or use licenses as a collateral, if the Government approves this action. New requirements for companies include minimum exploration spending and mandatory regular reporting (Podrobno.uz, 2024; Spot.uz, 2024f). 

The new Law on Subsoil was intended to make opportunities and requirements for investors in the mineral industry more transparent and stable. In preparation of the Law, the Government used recommendations from consultants at the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development and the Boston Consulting Group. The Law specified the rights and responsibilities of subsoil users, the expectations and norms pertaining to exploration and production of minerals, and the rules related to environmental protection related to mining. The Law also included severe penalties for unlawful subsoil use (Zolteh.ru, 2023; Podrobno.uz, 2024). 

In 2023, during the preparation of the new Law on Subsoil, the Government reduced tax rates on the production of several mineral commodities. The tax rates on mining copper and gold were reduced to 7% from 10%; for tungsten, to 2.7% from 10%; and for uranium, to 8% from 10%. For 2024, tax rates for several nonmetallic minerals—anhydride, carbonates, fertilizers, gypsum, gypsum stone, and other industrial minerals—were uniformly increased by 12%. In order to prevent a potential sharp increase in cement prices, the tax rates for limestone used for cement production decreased to \$0.47 per ton (6,000 soums per ton) from \$1.92 per ton (22,500 soums per ton). The reduction in the tax rates for limestone did not apply to cement plants that used 100% of coal as fuel, owing to the worse environmental impacts of coal compared with other fuels, primarily with natural gas. Also, beginning in 2024, the enterprises that begin production of any metals, including minor metals, precious, and rare earths, from original mines and (or) from tailings, or hydrocarbons, and production began between January 1, 2024, and December 31, 2025, will not pay taxes on the production of mineral commodities until further notice (Zolteh.ru, 2023; Buxgalter.uz, 2024). 

In 2024, Uzbekistan signed agreements on cooperation in the area of critical and strategic minerals, in chronological order, with the European Union (EU), the Republic of Korea, Germany, and the United States. In April, Uzbekistan signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the EU focused on the development of stable supply chains necessary for the European industry, including the aerospace, defense, and digital sectors. According to the EU classification, 34 minerals were classified as critical and 17 of them, such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, graphite, lithium, nickel, platinum, and titanium, were considered strategic. In June, Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology (MinGeo) signed an agreement with the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy of the Republic of Korea on cooperation in the areas of production and processing of critical minerals and manufacturing of products with high value added. In addition, MinGeo signed an agreement with the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources on exploration for new deposits and technological studies (Novikov, 2024; Ritmeurasia.ru, 2024; Spot.uz, 2024e). 

In September, Uzbekistan signed a joint declaration with Germany on cooperation in the areas of critical minerals. As of 2024, two German banks were participating in financing the construction of a copper smelting complex in Uzbekistan. Later in September, Uzbekistan signed a MoU with the United States in the field of critical minerals. The two countries agreed to work on the creation of stable and secure supply chains to support development of the energy sector of the future. The MoU also demonstrated interest in expanding the trade relationship between the two countries and highlighted the United States interest in promoting private investment in Uzbekistan’s mineral industry (Gazeta.uz, 2024d; Rossaprimavera.ru, 2024a). 

In July, it was announced that the Presidential decree had created a new company, AO Uzbekistan Technological Metals Complex (UzTMK). The new company was converted from the Scientific and Industrial Association “Rare metals and hard alloys,” which was a subsidiary of the Almalyk GMK. The goals of the new company were the efficient use of raw materials, such as graphite, lithium, magnesium, niobium, tantalum, and tungsten, their deep processing, and an increase in the number of products to 48 from 15. Deep processing implied the extraction and processing of a wider range of products, including minor metals, from polymetallic ores. Uzbekistan had deposits of more than 30 minor metals and intended to develop technologies for processing a variety of types of mineral raw materials. In 2025, UzTMK planned to work on more than 70 projects with total investment of \$1.6 billion through 2028. In 2025, UzTMK planned to produce 37.7 metric tons (t) of hard alloys, 842 t of molybdenum metal, 3 t of pure rhenium metal, and 96 t of tungsten metal (Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex, 2024; Rusmet.ru, 2025; AO Uzbekistan Technological Metals Complex, 2026). 

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

In accordance with the Presidential decree of December 21, 2022, the State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources (GosComGeology) was transformed into the MinGeo. The goals of the new Ministry included developing Government policy and improving the legal foundation of the mineral industry; promoting sustainable development and the timely replacement of depleted mineral resources and reserves through new discoveries and exploration; supporting technological modernization of the mineral industry; creating new mineral industry facilities capable of producing high demand and high value added output; and integrating education, science, and innovation within a single industrial system. Two leading mining and metallurgical complexes—AO Almalyk GMK (Almalyk GMK) and AO Navoi GMK (Navoi GMK)—were open-stock companies in which the Government was the primary shareholder. Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities (Kursiv.kz, 2023; Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2026). 

Mineral Trade 

In 2024, Uzbekistan had a negative trade balance of about \$12.0 billion. The value of exports was reported to be \$26.95 billion, which was an increase of 8.4% from that in 2023. The major mineral commodity exports were gold (which accounted for 27.8% of all export revenue), nonferrous metals (5.5%), natural gas (2.3%), petroleum products (2.1%), fertilizers (1.3%), and pig iron and raw steel (0.6%). Uzbekistan’s major export partners were Russia (which received 13.7% of Uzbekistan’s exports), China (7.6%), Kazakhstan (5.4%), Turkey (4.3%), Afghanistan (4.0%), France (3.0%), and Tajikistan (2.0%) (Spot.uz, 2025c; Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025a, p. 203, 212). 

The value of imports was reported to be \$38.99 billion, which was an increase of 0.8% from that in 2023. The major mineral import commodities were pig iron and raw steel (which accounted for 6.8% of all imports spending), nonferrous metals (1.0%), petroleum and petroleum products (5.1%), and natural gas from Russia and Turkmenistan (4.2%). Uzbekistan’s major import partners were China (which supplied 26.8% of Uzbekistan’s imports), Russia (20.4%), Kazakhstan (7.2%), the Republic of Korea (5.0%), Turkey (4.5%), Germany (2.9%), and Turkmenistan (2.6%) (Spot.uz, 2025c; Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025a, p. 203, 221). 

Commodity Review 

Cement.—In 2024, Uzbekistan increased cement production by 34% to about 16 million metric tons (Mt). By the end of 2024, the country had 37 cement plants with combined production capacity of about 32 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of cement; the cement production capacity was utilized only by about 50%. In the period of 2021–24, Uzbekistan commissioned new cement plants at a rate of about 5 Mt/yr of additional capacity, which lead to a sharp decrease in cement prices. The average cement price during 2021–24 was about \$70 per metric ton but, by the end of 2024, the average price decreased to about \$40 per metric ton. At yearend, another eight cement plants with a total design capacity of about 12 Mt/yr of cement were under construction (Production table; Gazeta.uz, 2024b, c; Anhor.uz, 2025; Uzsm.uz, 2025). 

Construction sector of Uzbekistan continued to expand rapidly and, in the first half of 2024, increased by 10% to \$6.2 billion. The construction sector’s share in GDP reached 6% in 2024, and the domestic demand for cement and other construction materials has been steadily increasing. To stimulate cement production, the Government decreased the tax on profits from cement production to 15% from 20%, and taxes on limestone production (for use in cement) were reduced by 50% in 2021. Later, in December 2023, the Government reduced by four times the tax on limestone used for cement production, effective on January 1, 2024, to support cement producers following increase in electricity prices. Additionally, the Government set lower tax rates for the mining of marble, granite, and other stone used in construction, as well as construction sand and gravel (Anhor.uz, 2025; Gazeta.uz, 2024b, c). 

In 2024, the three leading cement plants in Uzbekistan were AO Kyzylkumcement, XK OOO China Energy International Group Samarkand Cement, and OOO HUAXIN Cement Jizzakh. In 2024, many smaller cement plants were not in operation because they were unable to compete with the larger plants. Among the operating plants, nine were owned by Chinese companies, and these plants produced about 50% of all cement manufactured in 2024. Many local producers accused the Chinese companies of price dumping. In July 2024, the Committee for Development of Competition of Uzbekistan initiated an antidumping investigation against the Shangfeng-Bridge of Friendship plant, and in August, the company was found responsible for anticompetitive practices and was fined \$378,000 (Facilities table; JCement.ru, 2024; Anhor.uz, 2025). 

Copper.—In 2024, Uzbekistan’s production of copper in concentrate was 154,200 metric tons (t), which was practically unchanged compared with that in 2023. The only copper producer in Uzbekistan was the Almalyk GMK, which was located in Toshkent Viloyati (Toshkent Province). Two large copper-porphyry mines, the Kalmakyr and the Sary-Cheku, were the complex’s sources of copper in 2024. As of 2024, Almalyk GMK operated two copper beneficiation plants (Plant #1 and Plant #2) with a combined annual capacity to process 40 Mt/yr of ore. In addition to copper, Almalyk GMK mined and processed lead-zinc-barite ores from the Uch-Kulach Mine located in Jizzax Viloyati (Facilities table, Production table; Khursanov, 2022; Podrobno.uz, 2023; Andreeva, 2025; Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex, 2026). 

In 2024, Almalyk GMK continued the development of the Dal’neye copper-molybdenum mine, also known as Yoshlik I. The area of Yoshlik I is 11,000 hectares (about 27,000 acres). By 2030, Almalyk GMK planned to merge the Kalmakyr and Yoshlik I deposits into a single 9-kilometer-long producing mine, to be called the Oliy Ziyo Mine. According to preliminary estimates, the Oliy Ziyo Mine would contain total reserves of 19,000 million metric tons (Mt) of ore (Khursanov, 2022; Kislitsyna, 2022; Klemenkova, 2023; Podrobno.uz, 2023; Andreeva, 2025). 

In 2024, Almalyk GMK was in the process of constructing a new ore processing plant (Plant #3), the cost of which was estimated at $2 billion. The plant would have the capacity to process 60 Mt/yr of ore and to produce 160,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of copper. Construction began in July 2021, and the plant was expected to be commissioned in 2025. In addition, a 4-kilometer-long conveyor belt to transport the ore to the new plant would be constructed. The copper beneficiation Plant #4 would cost \$5.3 billion, and its construction began in October 2024. The beneficiation Plant #4 and the surrounding infrastructure would create 3,000 jobs and would enable the production of 146,000 t/yr of copper cathodes, 13,000 kilograms per year (kg/yr) of gold, and 73,000 kg/yr of silver. The total value of output was expected to reach \$1.9 billion (Klemenkova, 2023; Podrobno.uz, 2023; Rossaprimavera.ru, 2024b; Spot.uz, 2024g; Turkic World, 2025; Vnedra.ru, 2024). 

Almalyk GMK planned to increase copper production to 500,000 t/yr by 2030 and the country planned to invest \$15 billion in production development. Uzbekistan was building a copper cluster in Akhangaran city in Toshkent Viloyati. A copper cluster is a group of copper processing and other plants that use copper to produce downstream products. The cluster would produce semiconductors, microelectronic components, and other high value-added products. The raw materials for the Akhangaran cluster would be supplied by Almalyk GMK. In 2024, five new projects with a total investment of \$55 million were expected to start in Akhangaran cluster. In other parts of the country, additional copper clusters were being developed. New copper clusters were being created in Khoresm Viloyati and in the Free Economic zone Qoqand in Fargona Viloyati. Plants within the clusters would produce copper foil, pipe, and wire (Kislitsyna, 2022; Podrobno.uz, 2023; Gazeta.uz, 2024a, e; Spot.uz, 2024a, c; Spot.uz, 2025d).  

In February, the President signed a decree allowing companies to purchase copper raw materials on the Tashkent commodity exchange interest-free for the first 30 days after the date of the transaction. The decree was expected to go into effect on April 1. The buyer was also allowed to purchase raw copper in installments for up to 90 days and at discounted interest rates. These rules were designed to stimulate copper processing in Uzbekistan (Spot.uz, 2024d). 

In March 2024, China Mining Energy Group (CMEG) of China announced its plans to produce and process copper ore in Namangan Viloyati. The cost of the project was estimated at \$200 million, and the company planned to develop the Alichelek deposit and produce 30,000 t/yr of copper in concentrate. The company expected to create 420 jobs and contribute about \$9.6 million per year to Uzbekistan’s budget. In April, CMEG planned to begin additional exploration, after which it would finalize the project. The company operated in 17 countries, had 40,000 employees, and worked in aluminum, copper, and gold mining. Another Chinese company, Boi Yi Da, was interested in building a copper-processing plant in Namangan Viloyati. The cost of stage I of the project was estimated at \$40 million. The plant’s output was expected to be exported (Gazeta.uz, 2024a; Spot.uz, 2024c). 

Gold.—In 2023, Uzbekistan produced 113,200 kilograms (kg) of gold, which was a 3.5% increase compared with production in 2023. The main gold producers in the country were the two mining and metallurgical complexes—Almalyk GMK and Navoi GMK. Both mining and metallurgical complexes used to be Government owned, but the Government decided to convert them into open-stock companies; uranium production would continue to be fully owned by the Government and would be produced by the State Enterprise Navoiyuran (Navoiyuran). Starting in 2022, Navoi GMK became a stock company and was expected to attract private investment by issuing bonds (Facilities table, Production table; Spot.uz, 2022; Vnedra.ru, 2022; Ravshanov, 2024; Zolteh.ru, 2024; Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2026a).  

The Muruntau Mine in the Central Qizilqum region had been mined by the Navoi GMK by open pit since 1967 and had relatively low extraction costs. Navoi GMK was the leading producer of gold, and in 2024 its share of total gold production in Uzbekistan was about 85%. In 2024, the company produced 96,400 kg of gold, which was a 5.4% increase compared with production in 2023. In 2024, Navoi GMK received \$7.4 billion in revenue and \$2.1 billion in net profits of. Navoi GMK controlled 12 gold deposits, most of which were either already being mined or were planned to be developed, and operated 9 processing plants. The company employed 47,000 people and, according to the company data and contributed 6.5% to the country’s GDP. Including dividends, the company contributed \$4.05 billion (18.7%) to Government revenue in 2024 (Ravshanov, 2024; Gazeta.uz, 2025; Zolteh.ru, 2025; Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Co., 2026). 

In recent years, Navoi GMK and Almalyk GMK commissioned several studies intended to estimate resources and reserves of gold in their active mines and in deposits planned to be developed in accordance with Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) standards. Total JORC-compliant mineral reserves for three groups of mineral deposits that were either already mined or in preparation for mining by NGMK—Besapantau, Muruntau, and Myutenbay; Charmitan, Guzhumsay, and Urtalik; and Adzhibugut, Amantaytau, Asaukak, and Sarybatyr—were estimated to be 2,186,200 kg gold. At the same time, total JORC-compliant mineral resources of the four deposits mined by NGMK were estimated to be 3,533,000 kg gold, of which 2,300,000 kg were indicated and 1,233,000 kg, inferred. Total JORC-compliant mineral resources for the four deposits that were either already mined or in preparation for mining by AGMK—Balaktyr, Karabulak, Kalmakyr, and Yoshlik—were estimated to be 5,163,000 kg, of which 461,000 kg were measured, 1,561,000 kg, indicated, and 3,141,000 kg, inferred resources (SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., 2019, 2020a–c, Wardell Armstrong, 2024, p. 7). 

In 2024, the first gold mine was launched in Qaraqalpaqstan Autonomous Republic. A joint venture Ji An Tai International was founded in July of 2020 with the goal to develop the Urusai Mine in the Karauzak District of the Qaraqalpaqstan Autonomous Republic. According to MinGeo, the company completed a feasibility study. As of 2024, Ji An Tai International processed 1 Mt of ore and sold the gold to Navoi GMK (Tukhsinov, 2024). 

Iron Ore and Iron and Steel.—In 2024, Uzbekistan produced an estimated 1 Mt of raw steel; production was unchanged from that in 2023. Rolled steel production decreased by 24% to 781,000 t. Iron ore was not produced. In the second half of 2024, Uzmetkombinat planned to commission a new plant for the production of hot-rolled steel based on the 120-metric-ton electric arc furnace in Bekabad. The contract for acquisition of the equipment was originally signed in 2019, and the opening of the new line was planned for 2022, but the project was delayed. The final product would be 1.4- to 12-millimeters thick and would be sold in 30-ton rolls. A significant portion of the hot-rolled steel was expected to be processed at the Tashkent complex for production of cold-rolled galvanized and polymer-coated rolled steel (Facilities table, Production table, Kolisnichenko, 2023). 

In June, SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak began construction of a pelletizing plant at the country’s largest iron ore deposit, Tebinbulak. which is located in the Qaraqalpaqstan Autonomous Republic. The production capacity of the Tebinbulak pelletizing plant was estimated to be 5 Mt/yr, and the plant was scheduled to be commissioned in the fourth quarter of 2025. The project was expected to create more than 400 jobs, with labor needs to be met primarily by hiring local people. The pelletizing plant would become part of the production chain of the country’s first integrated mining and metallurgical complex, managed by Triangul Metals Tebinbulak. Tebinbulak was a part of the eponymous integrated steel cluster to be constructed in the Karauziak Special Industrial Zone. The Tebinbulak Mining and Processing Plant was expected to be engaged in the iron ore mining and enrichment and the production of iron ore raw materials. According to the company, the estimated JORC-compliant reserves of the Tebinbulak iron ore deposit were over 1 billion metric tons, with an average iron content of 12.6% and magnetite content of 6.8%. The deposit was undergoing additional exploration, and upon completion, the total reserves were expected to increase by 500 Mt. The Tebinbulak deposit was first discovered in 1937 but was not developed owing to the high costs of extraction (Yermolenko, 2024; SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak, 2026). 

The pelletizing plant would be a part of a full cycle of steel production that would include an open pit mine with a production capacity of 58 Mt/yr of titaniferous-magnetite ore; the pelletizing plant; a beneficiation plant with a production capacity of 5 Mt/yr of iron ore concentrate using modern beneficiation technology to produce a concentrate with an average iron content of 67%, making the deposit economically viable and sustainable; and a direct-reduced-iron (DRI) plant with a production capacity of 3.6 Mt/yr of DRI pellets (Sultanova, 2024; SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak, 2026). 

Uranium.—In 2024, Uzbekistan produced 4,000 t of uranium, which was a 1.5% decrease compared with that in 2023. The sole producer of uranium in Uzbekistan was Navoiyuran, which was formed as a result of the structural reorganization of Navoi GMK, the entity that produced uranium in the country since the mid-1990s. Beginning in 2022, the uranium business of Navoi GMK was transferred to the newly created Navoiyuran, which was fully owned by the Government and was responsible for developing uranium deposits, producing uranium and rare earths, and safely disposing of waste and radioactive materials. Since 1994, all uranium in Uzbekistan was produced using in situ leaching, which was more cost effective and environmentally friendly than traditional mining. According to the Government program Uzbekistan–2030, Navoiyuranwas expected to increase uranium production to 7,100 t/yr of uranium by 2030 and to increase the country’s uranium reserves to 10,500 t of uranium. The company also planned to increase production of ammonium perrhenate to 3,700 kg/yr (Facilities table, Production table; Erzikov, 2022; Fazullayev, 2025; Son, 2025). 

In 2024, Navoiyuran produced uranium at 18 regular mines and 6 technogenic mines located in Buxoro, Navoiy, and Samarqand Viloyatis, covering a total area of 11,000 hectares (about 2,700 acres). Navoiyuran had four major production units—the Nurabad production area in Samarqand Viloyati; the Uchkuduk production area in the northern part of Navoiy Viloyati; the Zafarabad mining center in Buxoro and Navoiy Viloyatis; and the hydrometallurgical uranium plant in Navoy City in Navoiy Viloyati. By 2030, Navoiyuran planned to begin production at six additional mines. As of 2024, all uranium produced in Uzbekistan was exported. Specifically, all uranium produced in 2023–26 would be exported to Cameco Corp. (Canada); Itochu Corp. and Marubeni Corp. (both Japan); Orano SA (France); the Department of Atomic Energy (India); and Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co. Ltd. (the Republic of Korea) (Fayzullayev, 2025; Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2026b, c).  

In 2024, Navoiyuran doubled its net profits to \$420 million, and the company’s gross revenue also doubled to \$1,080 million. The company was one of the top three taxpayers in the country, having paid a total of \$364 million to the Government. Navoiyuran employed 8,400 workers, and 122 new jobs were created in 2024. Total investment in the company in 2024, amounted to \$125.9 million, which was 104% higher than total investment in 2023 (Dprom.kz, 2025; Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2025, 2026b; Spot.uz, 2025a, b). 

In 2024, Navoiyuran conducted exploration at the company’s expense at 47 lots, of which 20 were involved in new exploration and 7, in additional exploration. As a result of exploration, prefeasibility studies were completed for eight prospective deposits. According to company specialists, the major barrier to a significant increase in uranium production was the development of effective uranium extraction technologies for the different geologic composition of useful elements in the mineralized materials. To overcome these obstacles, MinGeo and Navoiyuran planned to expand cooperation with international experts and investors (Son, 2025; Rakhimov, 2025). 

In September, MinGeo, Navoiyuran, and China’s National Uranium Corp. (CNUC) signed a joint agreement about CNUC’s participation in exploration for uranium in several prospective areas of Uzbekistan. The three parties also agreed to create a scientific and technologic center with the goal of developing technologies for the extraction of uranium and other components. Earlier, in March, the management of Navoiyuran discussed the potential production of black shale uranium in Navoiy Viloyati with China Nuclear Uranium Co. of China (Spot.uz, 2024b). 

Production table

(Metric tons, gross weight, unless otherwise specified)

References Cited 

• Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex, 2024, A meeting on the organization of activities of Uzbek process metals plant JSC was held: Almalyk, Uzbekistan, Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex, July 10. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://agmk.uz/en/news/ozbekiston-texnologik-metallar-kombinati-aj-fao…-.) 

• Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex, 2026, Home page: Almalyk, Uzbekistan, Almalyk mining and metallurgical complex. (Accessed January 8, 2026, at https://www.agmk.uz/index.php/en/.) 

• Andreeva, Diana, 2025, Pust’ zahlestnyet i zapad, i vostok goryachiy medno-tsinkovyi potok—Almalykskiy GMK [Let the hot copper-zinc stream overwhelm both west and east—Almalyk GMK]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Vnedra.ru, March 13. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.vnedra.ru/glavnaya-tema/pust-zahlestnyot-i-zapad-i-vostok-g….) [In Russian.] 

• Anhor.uz, 2025, Vytesnyyaya mestnyh: kitayskie tsementnye zavody stali dominirovat’ na rynke Uzbekistana [Replacing locals—Chinese cement plants began dominating on the Uzbekistan’s market]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Anhor.uz, June 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://anhor.uz/vzglyad-iznutri/cement-factory/.) [In Russian.]  

• Brioche, A.S., 2026, Nitrogen (fixed)—Ammonia: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 136–137. 

• Buxgalter.uz, 2024, Chto izmenilos’ v nalogah s nedropol’zovateley v 2024 godu [What changed in the taxes of subsoil users in 2024]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Buxgalter.uz, January 5. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://buxgalter.uz/publish/doc/text195587_chto_izmenilos_v_nalogah_s_….) [In Russian.] 

• Callaghan, R.M., 2026, Cadmium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 60–61. 

• Crangle, Rob, 2026a, Gypsum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 94–95. 

• Crangle, Rob, 2026b, Indium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 98–99. 

• Dprom.kz, 2025, V 2024 godu Navoiyuran narastil proizvodstvo i pribyl’ [In 2024, Navoiyuran increased production and profits]: Almaty. Kazakhstan, Dprom.kz, March 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/novosti/navoeiuran-narastel-proeezvodstvo-ee-preebil/.) [In Russian.] 

• Erzikov, Vadim, 2022, Uzbekistan announces its intention to become global leader in uranium mining: Astana, Kazakhstan, Kursiv.kz, November 24. (Accessed March 28, 2026, at https://kz.kursiv.media/en/2022-11-24/uzbekistan-announces-its-intentio….)  

• Fayzullayev, Jamal, 2025, GP Navoiyuran—predpriyatie kotoroye 100% produktsii eksportiruet [GP Navoiyuran is the company that exports 100% of its products]: Aktau, Kazakhstan, Uzconsulate-aktau.kz. (Accessed March 15, 2025, at https://uzconsulate-aktau.kz/2023/%D0%B3%D0%BF-%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE….) [In Russian.] 

• Flanagan, D.M., 2026a, Selenium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 168–169. 

• Flanagan, D.M., 2026b, Tellurium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 188–189. 

• Gazeta.uz, 2024a, Kitayskaya kompaniya zaymyetsya dobychey i pererabotkoy medi v Namanganskoy oblasti [A Chinese company will produce and process copper in Namanganskaya Oblast]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, March 26. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/03/26/copper/.) [In Russian.] 

• Gazeta.uz, 2024b, Prezident raskritikoval chinovnikov predlagayushih stroit’ tsementnye zavody vmesto vnedreniya ekologichnyh technologiy [The President criticized the Government officials who suggested to build cement plants instead of installation of environmental technologies]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, January 18. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/01/18/cement-plants/.) [In Russian.] 

• Gazeta.uz, 2024c, Tsementnyye zavody Uzbekistana za schyot l’goty ostavili v svoyem rasporyazhenii 250 mlrd sumov [Uzbekistan’s cement plants because of the tax benefit kept 250 billion soums]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, November 7. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/11/07/cement/.) [In Russian.]  

• Gazeta.uz, 2024d, Uzbekistan i SShA podpisali memorandum v sfere kriticheskih mineralov [Uzbekistan and the United States signed a memorandum in the area of critical minerals]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, September 17. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/09/17/minerals/.) [In Russian.] 

• Gazeta.uz, 2024e, Uzbekistan nameren pererabatyvat’ na vnutrennem rynke do 300 tysyach tonn medi [Uzbekistan intends to process domestically up to 300,000 t of copper]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, December 10. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2024/12/10/copper/.) [In Russian.] 

• Gazeta.uz, 2025, Resursnaya baza NGMK pozvolyaet dobyvat’ zoloto bolee 50 let—Yevgeniy Antonov [NGMK resource base allows mining gold for more than 50 years—Yevgeniy Antonov]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Gazeta.uz, June 18. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2025/06/18/ngmk/.) [In Russian.] 

• Jasinski, S.M., 2026, Phosphate rock: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 142–143. 

• JCement.ru, 2024, V 2024 godu moshnost’ proizvodstva tsementa v Uzbekistane uvelichitsya do 40,8 mln tonn [In 2024, the cement capacity in Uzbekistan will increase to 40.8 Mt]: Saint Petersburg, Russia, JCement.ru, May 24. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://jcement.ru/content/news/v-2024-moshchnost-proizvodstva-tsementa….) [In Russian.] 

• Khursanov, Abdulla, 2022, Osvoenie mestorozhdeniya Yoshlik I—vtoroe rozhdenie mednogo giganta Uzbekistana [Development of the Yoshlik I deposit—The second birth of the Uzbekistan’s copper giant]: Yuz.uz, August 3. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://yuz.uz/ru/news/osvoenie-mestorojdeniya-yoshlik-i---vtoroe-rojde….) [In Russian.] 

• Kislitsyna, Anna, 2022, AO Almalykskiy GMK: na puti pereotsenki resursov i zapasov [AO Almalyk GMK—On the way of re-estimation of resources and reserves]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Vnedra.ru, September 28. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.vnedra.ru/glavnaya-tema/ao-almalykskij-gmk-na-puti-pereocze….) [In Russian.] 

• Klemenkova, Katerina, 2023, Kak Uzbekistan sobiraetsya narastit’ dobychu medi i utroit’ dohody ot eye prodazhi [How Uzbekistan is going to increase copper production and to triple income from its sale]: Almaty, Kazakhstan, Dprom.kz, May 16. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/pererabotka/uzbyekeestan-namyeryen-narastet-dobichu-my….) [In Russian.] 

• Kolisnichenko, Vadim, 2023, Uzbek steel plant to launch a new line for the production of hot-rolled steel in 2024: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, July 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://gmk.center/en/news/uzbek-steel-plant-to-launch-a-new-line-for-t….) 

• Kursiv.kz, 2023, Kak Uzbekistan dobilsya industrial’nogo progressa [How Uzbekistan achieved industrial progress]: Astana, Kazakhstan, Kursiv.kz, April 6. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://kz.kursiv.media/2023-04-06/kak-uzbekistan-dobilsya-industrialno….) [In Russian.] 

• Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2026, About the Ministry: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Ministry of Mining Industry and Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://gov.uz/en/mingeo/pages/vazirlik-haqida.) 

• Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Co., 2026, Home page: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoi Mining and Metallurgical Co. (Accessed January 20, 2026, at https://www.ngmk.uz/en.) 

• Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2025, Proizvodstvennyye pokazateli gosudarstvennogo predpriyatiya Navoiyuran za 2024 god v infografike [Production results of the state enterprise Navoiyuran for 2024 in infographics]: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoiyuran State Enterprise, January 15. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://navoiyuran.uz/ru/ru15012025/.) [In Russian.] 

• Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2026a, About us: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoiyuran SE. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://navoiyuran.uz/en/about-us/.) 

• Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2026b, Dobycha [Production]: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoiyuran State Enterprise. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://navoiyuran.uz/ru/%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%8b%d1%87%d0%b0/.) [In Russian.] 

• Navoiyuran State Enterprise, 2026c, Osnovnyye vidy deyael’nosti [Major activities]: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoiyuran State Enterprise. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://navoiyuran.uz/ru/%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bd%d1%8b%d0%….) [In Russian.] 

• Novikov, V., 2024, Eshe odna strana natselilas’ na kriticheskiye mineraly Uzbekistana [One more country is targeting critical minerals of Uzbekistan]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Nuz.uz, June 19. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://nuz.uz/2024/06/19/eshhe-odna-strana-naczelilas-na-kriticheskie-….) [In Russian.] 

• Podrobno.uz, 2023, Novyi gorizont. Kak AGMK gotovit k razrabotke krupneyshee mestorozhdenie medi na planete [New horizon. How AGMK prepares the largest copper deposit on the planet for production]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Podrobno.uz, November 21. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://podrobno.uz/cat/obchestvo/novyy-gorizont-kak-agmk-gotovit-k-raz….) [In Russian.] 

• Podrobno.uz, 2024, V Uzbekistane obnovili zakon o nedrah [Uzbekistan renewed the law on subsoil]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Podrobno.uz, November 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://podrobno.uz/cat/obchestvo/v-uzbekistane-obnovili-zakon-o-nedrak….) [In Russian.]  

• Polyak, D.E., 2026a, Molybdenum: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 130–131. 

• Polyak, D.E., 2026b, Rhenium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 156–157. 

• Ravshanov, Atabek, 2024, Modernizatsiya promyshlennosti, vvod v ekspluatatsiyu novyh moshnostey—garant uvelicheniya proizvodstva NGMK v Uzbekistane [Modernization of industry and commissioning of new capacity guarantee increase of production at NGMK]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Vnedra.ru, October 1. (Accessed March 5, 2026, at https://www.vnedra.ru/glavnaya-tema/modernizacziya-promyshlennosti-vvod….) [In Russian.] 

• Ritmeurasia.ru, 2024, Uzbekistan stanovitsya postavshikom dlya Evrosoyuza kriticheski vazhnogo syr’ya [Uzbekistan becomes a supplier of critically important raw materials for the European Union]: Ritmeurasia.ru, April 6. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.ritmeurasia.ru/news--2024-04-06--uzbekistan-stanovitsja-pos….) [In Russian.] 

• Rossaprimavera.ru, 2024a, Germaniya natselilas’ na kriticheskie mineraly Uzbekistana [Germany is targeting Uzbekistan’s critical minerals]: Rossaprimavera.ru, September 16. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://rossaprimavera.ru/news/07b8b48e.) [In Russian.] 

• Rossaprimavera.ru, 2024b, Uzbekistan stanet krupneyshim postavshikom medi? [Will Uzbekistan become the leading copper supplier?]: Rossaprimavera.ru, October 15. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://rossaprimavera.ru/news/06bc2fbd.) [In Russian.] 

• Rusmet.ru, 2025, Uzbekistan nachal eksport strategicheski vazhnogo metallicheskogo reniya [Uzbekistan began export of strategically important rhenium metal]: Moscow, Russia, Rusmet.ru, July 10. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://rusmet.ru/press-center/uzbekistan-nachal-eksport-strategicheski….) [In Russian.] 

• Sheaffer, K.N., 2026, Gold: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 90–91. 

• Simmons, K.J, 2026a, Clays: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 68–69. 

• Simmons, K.J, 2026b, Vermiculite: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, p. 204–205. 

• Son, Oleg, 2025, Radioaktivnyi i perspektivnyi: kak dobyvayut uran v Uzbekistane [Radioactive and perspective—how they produce uranium in Uzbekistan]: Dprom.kz, June 17. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://dprom.kz/dobycha/radioaktivnyj-i-perspektivnyj-kak-dobyvayut-ur….) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2022, NGMK razdelilsya na aktsionernoe obshestvo i dve gosorganizatsii [NGMK is divided into a stock company and two Government organizations]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, January 6. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2022/01/06/ngmk-split/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024a, Eksport elektrotehniki v proshedshem godu dostig otmetki v $1 mlrd [Last year exports of electric appliances reached $1 billion]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, January 6. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/01/06/electric-appliances/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024b, Kitayskaya CNUC postriot nauchnyi tsentr po dobyche urana v Uzbekistane [Chinese CNUC will build a scientific center for uranium mining in Uzbekistan]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, September 6. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/09/06/uranium/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024c, Kitayskie investory mogut naladit’ pererabotku medi pod Namanganom [Chinese investors could set up copper processing in Namangan area]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, September 5. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/09/05/namangan-copper/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024d, Kompaniyam razreshat pokupat’ mednoye syr’yo na birzhe v rassrochku [Companies will be allowed to pay for copper raw materials bought at commodity exchange in installments]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, February 21. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/02/21/copper-sales/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024e, Mneniya: kak kriticheskiye mineraly mogut stat’ novoy neft’yu dlya Uzbekistana [Opinions—How critical minerals could become a new petroleum for Uzbekistan]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, October 15. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/10/15/critical-minerals/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024f, Prezident podpisal zakon o nedrah v novoy redaktsii. Glavnoye. [The President signed the Law on subsoil in new edition. The main points.]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, November 1. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/11/01/subsoil-act/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2024g, Prezident zapustil sozdanie chetvertoy medno-obogatitel’noy fabriki AGMK [The President started construction of the fourth copper beneficiation plant]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, October 16. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2024/10/16/copper-factory/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2025a, Navoiyuran v 2024 godu udvoil chistuyu pribyl’—do 5,3 trln sumov [Navoiyuran in 2024 doubled net profits—to 5.3 trillion soums]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, March 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2025/03/04/navoiuranium/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2025b, V 2024 godu Navoiyuran udvoil ob’yom proizvodstva—Svyshe $1 mlrd [In 2024, Navoiyuran doubled production volume—To $1 billion]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, Januart 15. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2025/01/15/navoiuranium/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2025c, V 2024 godu vneshnetorgovyi oborot Uzbekistana uvelichilsya do \$66 mlrd [In 2024, the foreign trade turnover of Uzbekistan increased to \$66 billion]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, January 20. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2025/01/20/foreign-trade/.) [In Russian.] 

• Spot.uz, 2025d, V Khorezme planiruyetsya sozdat’ novyi klister po pererabotke medi [In Khorezm, a new cluster for processing copper is planned]: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Spot.uz, May 2. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.spot.uz/ru/2025/05/02/khorezm-industry/.) [In Russian.] 

• SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., 2019, Pereotsenka rudnyh zapasov mestorozhdeniy Muruntau, Myudenbay i Besapantau v sootvetstvii c kodeksom JORC [Reestimation of ore reserves for the Muruntau, Myutenbay, and Besapantau deposits in accordance with JORC standards]: Moscow, Russia, SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., December. [In Russian.] 

• SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., 2020a, JORC mineral resource estimate for the Almalyk copper gold mine: Cardiff, United Kingdom, SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., April. 

• SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., 2020b, Pereotsenka mineral’nyh resursov mestorozhdeniy Amantaytau (uchastki Severnyi i Tsentral’nyi), Asaukak, Sarybatyr i Adzhibugut v sootvetrsvii s kodeksom JORC [Reestimation of mineral resources of the Amantaytau (North and Central sections), Asaukak, Sarybatyr, and Adzhibugut in accordance with the JORC standards]: Moscow, Russia, SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., July. [In Russian.] 

• SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., 2020c, Pereotsenka rudnyh zapasov mestorozhdeniy Charmitan, Guzhumsay i Urtalik v sootvetstvii s kidim JORC [Reestimation of ore reserves for the Charmitan, Guzhumsay, and Urtalik deposits in accordance with JORC standards]: Moscow, Russia, SRK Consulting (Russia) Ltd., October. [In Russian.]  

• Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025a, Foreign economic activities, section 8, in Socio-economic situation of the republic of Uzbekistan: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, March 11, p. 202–226. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://stat.uz/files/483/choraklik-natijalar-yanvar-dekabr2024eng/3836….) 

• Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025b, Industry, section 2, in Socio-economic situation of the republic of Uzbekistan: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, March 11, p. 54–81. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://stat.uz/files/483/choraklik-natijalar-yanvar-dekabr2024eng/3841….) 

• Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2025c, Gross domestic product, section 1, in Socio-economic situation of the republic of Uzbekistan, March 11, p. 9–53: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Statistics Agency under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://stat.uz/files/483/choraklik-natijalar-yanvar-dekabr2024eng/3838….) 

• Sultanova, Mokhi, 2024, Uzbekistan’s largest iron ore deposit Tebinbulak to boast Triangul Metals pelletizing plant: Intellinews.com, June 10. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.intellinews.com/uzbekistan-s-largest-iron-ore-deposit-tebin….) 

• SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak, 2026, Home page: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, SP OOO Triangul Metals Tebinbulak. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.triangulmetals.com/en.) 

• Tukhsinov, Doniyor, 2024, Karakalpakstan’s first gold mine launched with \$20 million investment by Ji An Tai International: Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Kun.uz, August 20. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://kun.uz/en/news/2024/08/20/karakalpakstans-first-gold-mine-launc….) 

• Turkic World, 2025, Uzbekskiy AGMK planiruyet uvelichit’ proizvodstvo medi do 50 (sic!)tonn k 2030 godu—predsedatel’ [Uzbekistan’s AGMK plans to increase copper production to 50 (sic!) tons by 2030—The chairman]: Baku, Azerbaijan, Turkic World, January 10. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://turkic.world/ru/articles/uzbekistan/321525.) [In Russian.] 

• U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2025, Uzbekistan: Washington, DC, U.S. Energy Information Administration, July. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.eia.gov/international/overview/country/UZB.) 

• AO Uzbekistan Technological Metals Complex, 2026, About us: Chirchik, Uzbekistan, AO Uzbekistan Technological Metals Complex. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://uztmk.uz/en/#about.) 

• Uzsm.uz, 2025, V Uzbekistane za 12 mesyatsev bylo proizvedeno 16 mln tonn tsementa [In Uzbekistan, during 12 month 16 Mt of cement was produced]: Uzsm.uz, February 17. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://uzsm.uz/ru/press_center/news/v-uzbekistane-za-12-mesyatsev-bylo….) [In Russian.] 

• Vnedra.ru, 2022, Produktsiya Navoiyskogo Gorno-Metallurgicheskogo Kombinata--etalon kachestva [Nanoi GMK output is the gold standard]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Vnedra.ru, August 9. (Accessed January 26, 2026, at https://www.vnedra.ru/glavnaya-tema/produkcziya-ngmk-etalon-kachestva-1….) [In Russian.] 

• Vnedra.ru, 2024, Na Yoshlik-I byl dan torzhestvennyi start stroitel’stvu chetvertoy obogatitel’no fabriki [At Yoshlik-I construction of the fourth beneficiation plant was given an official start]: Krasnoyarsk, Russia, Vnedra.ru, October 16. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://www.vnedra.ru/novosti/na-yoshlik-i-byl-dan-torzhestvennyj-start….) [In Russian.] 

• Wardell Armstrong, 2024, JSC NAVOI Mining and Metallurgical Co. Mineral resource audit and ore reserve estimate, Muruntau cluster gold deposits, Uzbekistan. Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom, Wardell Armstrong, July. Accessed May 20, 2026, at https://www.ngmk.uz/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/combined-mre-ore-report-….)  

• World Nuclear Association, 2026, Uranium production by country: London, United Kingdom, World Nuclear Association, January 20. (Accessed March 5, 2026, at https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/facts-and-figures/uranium….) 

• Yermolenko, Halina, 2024, Uzbekistan starts construction of pelletizing plant at Tebinbulak deposit: Kyiv, Ukraine, GMK Center, June 4. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://gmk.center/en/news/uzbekistan-starts-construction-of-pelletizin….) 

• Rakhimov, Zafar, 2025, Podgotovka uranovyh zapasov: resul’taty i perspectivy [Preparation of uranium reserves—Results and perspecives]: Navoi, Uzbekistan, Navoiyuran, January 9. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://navoiyuran.uz/ru/ru09012025/.) [In Russian.] 

• Zolteh.ru, 2023, V Uzbekistane razrabotali novyi zakon o nedrah [Uzbekistan developed a new law on subsoil]: Moscow, Russia, Zolteh.ru, November 8. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://zolteh.ru/news/v_uzbekistane_razrabotali_novyy_zakon_o_nedrakh/.) [In Russian.] 

• Zolteh.ru, 2024, Uzbekskiy AGMK v 2023 godu proizvel 16,9 t zolota [Uzbek AGMK produced 16.9 tons of gold in 2023]: Moscow, Russia, Zolteh.ru, May 29. (Accessed March 15, 2026, at https://zolteh.ru/news/uzbekskiy_agmk_v_2023_godu_proizvel_16_9_t_zolot….) [In Russian.] 

• Zolteh.ru, 2025, NGMK v 2024 godu proizvel 96 t zolota [In 2024, NGMK produced 96 t of gold]: Moscow, Russia, Zolteh.ru, April 15. (Accessed March 14, 2026, at https://zolteh.ru/news/ngmk_v_2024_godu_proizvel_96_t_zolota/.) [In Russian.]